Die Urtheilsfunction. Eine psychologische und erkenntniskritische Untersuchung. Von WILHELM JERUSALEM. Wien und Leipzig: W. Braumiiller, 1895. Pp. 269. THE author starts with a consideration of the meaning and importance, from the psychological, logical, grammatical and philosophical points of view, of the question, What is Judgment ? With regard to the grammatical reference, that bears chiefly on the relation between thought and language-from the logical point of view as expressly explained by Mr Jerusalem, living flexible judgments have to be reduced to a rigid connexion of concepts. The author's view of the philosophical place of the doctrine of judgment is discussed at the beginning and end of the book, and its importance strongly emphasized. But the bulk of the work is devoted to what the writer regards as the psychological view of judgment-his expressed intention is to furnish "a thorough psychological analysis of the cognitive function." In part of this investigation-the part which is distinguished as analytic rather than genetic or biological*, the exceedingly close connexion between Logic and Psychology, and the difficulty of everywhere drawing a sharp line between them comes out very strikingly; for we are given what purports to be an absolutely general account of Judgment-an account, i.e., which will and does apply to every judgment without exception, when rigidly analysed. This analysis is of course psychological, and it appears to me that it is judgments as thus understood that are the subject and centre of Logic. If there is an absolutely general account of judgments, on that, it would seem, Logic must rest, and with that it must begin. Although the author, to judge from some of his statements, is not in harmony with this view,-it is apparently involved in his opinion that on a complete and satisfactory answer to the (psychological) question What do we do when we judge? depends our whole theoretical view of the world, and that whatever is essential to judgment must hold of every content of judgment. Part of this view seems to me true and important-and it is involved in Mill's account of the Import of Propositions, according to which, for a due analysis, there are two questions which have to be answered (1) What do the Terms stand for? (2) What is the relation

No abstract

WHAT I propose to do in this paper is to recapitulate very briefly indeed what I understand to be the main points of Professor Sidgwick's ethical view, and then to attempt to answer some of the objections to it that have been brought forward in recent criticisms.As regards The Good for mau, that which is in itself desirable, Mr. Sidgwick holds that "if we consider carefully such permanent results as are commonly judged to be good, other than qualities of human beings, we can find nothing that, on reflection, appears to possess this quality of goodness out of relation to human existence or at least to some consciousness or feeling "-that " beauty, knowledge, and other ideal goods, as well as all external material things, are only reasonably to be sought by men in as far as they conduce either (1) to Happiness or (2) to the Perfection or Excellence of human existence " {Methods of Ethics, Book I, ch. ix, § 4).With regard to Virtue, and the other "talents, gifts, and graces which make up the common notion of human Excellence or Perfection . . . . reflection shows that they are only valuable on account of the good or desirable conscious life in which they are or will be actualised, or which will be somehow promoted by their exercise" {Methods of Ethics, III, xiv, § 2, p. 395).Any quality of human life that is ultimately desirable " must belong to human life regarded on its psychical side, or briefly, Consciousness " (p. 396). And it is only Desirable Consciousness that we can regard as ultimate Good for man (p. 397). Consciousness that is painful or even merely

Zusammenfassung Die Schuleingangsdaten in der Region Hannover verweisen auf vermehrte Entwicklungsdefizite bei Kindern aus bildungsfernen und sozial benachteiligten Familien. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde ein interdisziplinäres Konzept zur Entwicklungsförderung von Kindern in Kindertageseinrichtungen (Kitas) als Baustein der Frühen Hilfen – Frühen Chancen der Region Hannover entwickelt. Das Konzept zeigt, wie eine Vernetzung von Akteuren und damit eine frühzeitige Förderung von Kindern gelingen kann.

Book Reviews. 129 particular interests; and the small minority of those who did not belong to the dominant section, or who did not wish to promote its special interests, might find themselves unable to cooperate in a friendly way with the majority. But I suppose this difficulty would be to a considerable extent removed by the cooperation of the various guilds with one another, and by the personality of their leaders. In the fourth place, some may be disposed to think. that the absence of religious enthusiasm would prevent the work from being carried on with the same fervor as that which we may expect from the members of the Salvation Army. But Dr. Coit is probably right in thinking that the enthusiasm for social improvement is of itself quite sufficient, when rightly appealed to, to supply all the motive force that is required. And certainly, at least, the religious neutrality of the scheme would render it acceptable to a much greater variety of people than it could otherwise hope to reach. But whatever weight there may be in these difficulties, and in many more that might easily be suggested, it can, at least, not be denied that the scheme is a practicable one, and one that will produce beneficial results. It has already been tried and found useful. There have for some years been more than one such guild in America, and there are now at least two ih London, and those who know anything of the working of them cannot doubt that they are rendering a most valuable service. Dr. Coit's book is one of the most interesting additions that have yet been made to the admirable series to which it belongs. It is full of practical insight and wise suggestiveness. No student of social questions can afford to neglect it; and few will rise from the perusal of it without feeling that they have derived from it, in a very high degree, encouragement and help. J. S. MACKENZIE. LUXURY.