this research developed a method using fragile watermarking technique for color images to achieve secure e-government tamper detection with recovery capability. Before performing the watermark insertion process, the RGB image is converted first into YCbCr image. The watermark component is selected from the image feature that approximates the original image, in which the chrominance value features as a watermark component. For a better detection process, 3-tuple watermark, check bits, parity bits, and recovery bits are selected. The average block in each 2 x 2 pixels is selected as 8 restoration bits of each component, the embedding process work on the pixels by modifying the pixels value of three Least Significant Bit (LSB). The secret key for secure tamper detection and recovery, transmitted along with the watermarked image, and the algorithm mixture is used to extract information at the receiving end. The results show remarkably effective to restore tampered image.

Transportation is one of the primary needs of human beings that cannot be avoided, with the increasing vehicle can lead to a congested road situation which can lead to less safe road safety. An Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) can be used to increase road safety. This system uses a Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) protocol for network access due to its low latency transmission time. Unfortunately, there is research shows that DSRC has a performance issue in a dense area or increased network load. This problem is mostly solved with a heterogeneous network DSRC-LTE but utilizes mobile phone networks that dynamically change can lead to inconsistent and unpredictable network performance. There is some research about ZigBee for ITS shows that it is decent enough for non-critical applications.  Thus, the authors try to utilize Zigbee to create the DSRC-Zigbee heterogeneous network so that the network is independent for the ITS application. The proposed heterogeneous network is a fixed model due to its simple architecture. OMNeT++ and Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) are used to evaluate the performance of the network in an urban area with various scenarios. The simulation result shows that the proposed heterogeneous network is capable to improve the messages dissemination rate by 15.78% and 1.22% in a certain scenario compared to the homogeneous network DSRC only.