The concepts of 'ecosystem services' (ES) and 'nature's contributions to people' (NCP) inform environmental frameworks that set out to include Indigenous and Local Knowledge systems (ILK) and worldviews in policy and planning processes. These frameworks aim to enhance biodiversity conservation and human well-being in a legitimate and effective way. In this article, we explore how the concept of People's Contributions to Nature (PCN) is complementary to NCP. We use it to investigate challenges that planners and locals face in realizing the legitimate inclusion of diverse knowledges and worldviwes that account for people and ecosystems in a relational way. We introduce a case study where planners drew on ES and NCP and used participatory methods to implement a REDD+ policy in the Kaxinawá Nova Olinda Indigenous Land (Acre-Brazil). We find that both Kaxinawás and planners emphasize both NCP and PCN in their discourses. Nevertheless, differences between knowledge systems and disciplines, uneven power relations between Kaxinawás and planners, and an underconsideration of PCN by global frameworks challenge the legitimate inclusion of the Kaxinawá knowlege and worldviews to craft assessment and planning. We conclude that by explicitly addressing these challenges, science-policy interfaces can further advance knowledge legitimacy and policy effectiveness.
RESUMOO objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações físicas e químicas em Argissolo Amarelo distrófico textura média/argilosa relevo plano, sob diferentes tipos de uso no assentamento Favo de Mel, município de Sena Madureira, Acre. A coleta de material de solo foi realizada no início da estação chuvosa (outubro/ 1999). Os tipos de usos avaliados foram: mata natural (testemunha), mata recém -desbravada e submetida à queima intensa, pupunha (Bactris gassipae) com dois anos de cultivo e pastagem de braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha) com quatro anos de cultivo. Em cada área, abriu-se uma trincheira, de onde se coletaram 12 amostras, em camadas delgadas, no intervalo de 0,0 a 0,60 m a partir da superfície do solo. Também coletaram-se amostras dos horizontes pedogenéticos. No material coletado, avaliaram-se: características físicas (granulometria, argila dispersa em água, densidade do solo, resistência do solo à penetração e parâmetros sedimentológicos) e químicas (complexo sortivo, fósforo disponível, pH em água e em KCl, carbono orgânico, fósforo remanescente, substâncias húmicas e ferro pelo ataque sulfúrico). Verificou-se que, sob pastagem de braquiária, o solo apresentou os maiores valores de densidade no horizonte A, o que revela tendência à compactação. Os nutrientes avaliados e o carbono orgânico apresentaram baixos teores e estavam concentrados nos primeiros centímetros do solo. O potássio decresceu drasticamente na pastagem, graças, possivelmente, às perdas por erosão, queima e pastejo. A fração humina, dentre os compostos orgânicos, predominou nos quatro sistemas avaliados.Termos de indexação: compactação, substâncias húmicas, assentamento agrícola, agricultura itinerante, agrossistemas da Amazônia.(1) Projeto financiando pelo CNPq. Recebido para publicação em fevereiro de 2002 aprovado em fevereiro de 2004.
The relationships between soils attributes, soil carbon stocks and vegetation carbon stocks are poorly know in Amazonia, even at regional scale. In this paper, we used the large and reliable soil database from Western Amazonia obtained from the RADAMBRASIL project and recent estimates of vegetation biomass to investigate some environmental relationships, quantifying C stocks of intact ecosystem in Western Amazonia. The results allowed separating the western Amazonia into 6 sectors, called pedo-zones: Roraima, Rio Negro Basin, Tertiary Plateaux of the Amazon, Javari-Juruá-Purus lowland, Acre Basin and Rondonia uplands. The highest C stock for the whole soil is observed in the Acre and in the Rio Negro sectors. In the former, this is due to the high nutrient status and high clay activity, whereas in the latter, it is attributed to a downward carbon movement attributed to widespread podzolization and arenization, forming spodic horizons. The youthful nature of shallow soils of the Javari-Juruá-Purus lowlands, associated with high Al, results in a high phytomass C/soil C ratio. A similar trend was observed for the shallow soils from the Roraima and Rondonia highlands. A consistent east-west decline in biomass carbon in the Rio Negro Basin sector is associated with increasing rainfall and higher sand amounts. It is related to lesser C protection and greater C loss of sandy soils, subjected to active chemical leaching and widespread podzolization. Also, these soils possess lower cation exchangeable capacity and lower water retention capacity. Zones where deeply weathered Latosols dominate have a overall pattern of high C sequestration, and greater than the shallower soils from the upper Amazon, west of Madeira and Negro rivers. This was attributed to deeper incorporation of carbon in these clayey and highly pedo-bioturbated soils. The results highlight the urgent need for refining soil data at an appropriate scale for C stocks calculations purposes in Amazonia. There is a risk of misinterpreting C stocks in Amazonia when such great pedological variability is not taken into account.
Pelo presente trabalho avaliou-se a utilização de aerofotos não-convencionais na forma de mosaico digital, como ferramenta básica no levantamento de solos e seu uso. O aerolevantamento foi realizado em quatro microbacias do município de Guarapari, ES. Foram feitas oito faixas de sobrevôos fotográficos com recobrimento longitudinal de 60% e lateral de 40%. A partir da digitalização de fotografias com elementos no tamanho 9 x 9 cm na escala aproximada de 1:25.000, produziu-se um mosaico digital com o auxílio do software Visual Stitcher. Os mapas de solos e de uso da terra foram delineados sobre o mosaico georreferenciado, com a utilização de digitalização em tela do software Idrisi 32. O uso do mosaico digital facilitou e agilizou o processo de mapeamento dos solos e da delimitação do uso da terra na área estudada.
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