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Background:Acute kidney injury (AKI) patients have most elevated death indices, elongated hospital admissions, and a quicker progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In reaction to ischemia-reperfusion AKI, urine indicators are markedly elevated in the renal proximal tubules. Aim: To evaluate new biomarkers that can predict acute renal injury following open heart surgery. Patients and Methods: The 63 patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery for the current study were splited into double collections: the AKI group, which included 21 patients who experienced acute kidney injury following surgery, and the No AKI group, which included 42 patients who did not experience acute kidney injury following surgery. All patients have undergone thorough clinical examinations and history-taking procedures. Additionally, before and postoperative measurements of serum creatinine levels, sodium, potassium, blood urea, and urine output were made. At the ICU at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours following surgery, urinary hemojuvelin (HJV) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) levels were assessed. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between postoperative hemojuvelin at 0 hr and hemojuvelin at 3,6,12, or 24 hours postoperatively, there were a statistical significance elevation in hemojuvelin at 3,6,12, and 24 hrs postoperatively in the AKI group compared to postoperative hemojuvelin at 0 hr. Additionally, there was a statistical significance rise in hemojuvelin at 3,6,12, and 24 hours after surgery in the AKI group compared to postoperative hemojuvelin at 0 hours, in contrast to the non-AKI group whereas there was no statistical significance differentiation between postoperative hemojuvelin at 0 hours and postoperative hemojuvelin at 3,6,12, and 24 hours after surgical operation. The ROC curve demonstrated that hemojuvelin and NGAL are effective predictors of acute kidney injury Conclusion: According to our findings, combining urine biomarkers HJV and uNGAL can increase the clinical prediction power of AKI.

In the postoperative period, about 20-80 percent of patients report moderate-to-severe pain. Thermal, mechanical, or chemically caused tissue damage are among the most common causes of postoperative pain. It is mainly nociceptive in nature. The goal of this study is to examine all techniques and medicines used for postoperative pain management, with a focus on all new developments in the treatment of postoperative pain. Methods: As you can see, it's a review of There was a search done using the following media keywords in MEDLINE, Embase, Pubmed, and CINAHL Plus in the same time period from 2000 to 2021: Articles written in languages other than English are not eligible for evaluation. Finally, the outcomes are as follows: When it comes to postoperative pain treatment, opioids are still the go-to option, but the current opioid crisis is driving doctors to explore alternative options that utilise a variety of pain management modalities. Other pain-relieving receptors in the spinal cord are targeted by these pathways instead of opioid receptors in the brain and body. When administered as a single dose, local anaesthetics, whether infiltrated locally or utilised in regional anaesthesia methods, have a short half-life. Extended postsurgical pain treatment using local anaesthetics may be achieved by utilising patient-controlled analgesia pumps or by combining them with other analgesics such as epinephrine, dexamethasone, or clonidine.