So far, no versatile set of reference genes for normalizing real-time polymerase chain reaction data has been identified. Numerous studies focusing the selection of reference genes for specific purposes frequently fail to elaborate a suitable selection strategy. In a number of such studies, the stage of selecting reference genes is ignored due to either its high cost or other reasons. As a result, the normalization of data is carried out using genes, which have previously shown their effectiveness under other, sometimes completely different, experimental conditions. In this work, we aim to study variations in the level of mRNA expression of several genes, some of which are commonly used to normalize RT-PCR data. As special conditions, modeling of rat liver fibrosis with thioacetamide was used.In our experiment, when considering the process of fibrogenesis as a whole, the optimal reference genes were found to be hes1 and sdha. However, when focusing on specific stages of fibrosis, a pair of genes should be selected depending on the stability indicators. At the initial fibrogenesis stages, sdha and hprt can be used. The hes1 gene is suitable as a reference gene, when the average Cq value of the target genes is approximately 29 cycles (as in hes1). Hes1 should be used with care when working in the Cq ranges of target genes of 26–29 and above 30, since the error is likely to increase. Following the same principle, the optimum Cq value for the sdha gene was observed to be 27, although the Cq range of 24–27 is also acceptable. At the same time, when working in the Cq range of above 28, the use of sdha may be associated with an increase in calculation errors.
The articles published under CC BY NC-ND license С.А. СУШКОВ, Е.И. ЛЕБЕДЕВА, О.Д. МЯДЕЛЕЦ ПЕРИЦИТЫ КАК ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ИСТОЧНИК НЕОАНГИОГЕНЕЗАВитебский государственный медицинский университет, г. Витебск, Республика БеларусьАнализ научной литературы показал, что исследователи в области регенеративной медицины считают перициты перспективной терапевтической мишенью. Однако существует еще слишком много проблем, требующих тщательного изучения. Одна из основных задач -идентификация перицитов. Несмотря на многочисленные попытки панель молекулярных маркеров остается неразработанной. Все используемые для идентификации перицитов маркеры по своей экспрессии являются динамичными. Возможно, это связано с этапами дифференцировки перицитов, особенностью строения ткани, патологическим состоянием, иерархией сосудов и стадией их развития. Актуальной проблемой остается установление источника развития перицитов и понимание процессов, которые управляют их дифференцировкой. Механизм дифференцировки перицитов в миофибробласты, остеобласты, адипоциты, хондроциты, гладкие миоциты и макрофаги остается недостаточно изученным и дискуссионным. Нет единого мнения по поводу гетерогенности перицитов. Это является предметом дальнейших исследований, направленных на доказательство неоднородности перицитов с точки зрения морфологии и функции вдоль сосудистого русла, количественное определение различий в экспрессии маркеров у разных подтипов перицитов и разработку номенклатуры. Особый интерес представляет определение фенотипических различий между перицитами при ангиогенезе и зрелых сосудов. Это необходимо для понимания функций перицитов в микроциркуляторном русле. Важным направлением является детальное изучение сигнальных путей, участвующих в регуляции сложных взаимодействий между перицитами и эндотелиоцитами. Это позволит не только расширить представления о патогенезе, но и внедрить в практическую медицину новые методы лечения.Ключевые слова: перициты, морфология, происхождение, маркеры, сигнальные пути, роль в патологических процессахThe scientific literature analysis has shown that researchers in the field of regenerative medicine consider pericytes to be a promising therapeutic target. However, there are still too many problems that require thorough investigations. One of the main tasks is the identification of pericytes. Despite numerous attempts, the molecular marker panel remains undeveloped. All markers which are used to identify pericytes are dynamic in their expression. This may be related to the stages of pericyte differentiation, peculiarities of the tissue structure, the pathological state, the hierarchy of the vessels and the stage of their development. The identification of the source of pericyte development and understanding of the processes governing their differentiation remain the problem of current interest. The mechanism of pericyte differentiation into myofibroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, smooth myocytes and macrophages remains insufficiently studied and debatable. There is no consensus about pericyte heterogen...
Usually, the efficacy of antifibrotic drugs is evaluated using laboratory animals. As the modern scientific literature shows, there is still a number of unsolved problems. First, it is necessary to determine the appropriate models that are able to reflect most accurately the development of fibrosis and cirrhosis in humans. Second, to identify diagnostic and prognostic markers to assess the progression / regression of fibrosis in animals. Third, to examine carefully the generally accepted scales for the semi-quantitative assessment of fibrosis in animal models. Based on the findings obtained, we offer an experimental model that has a number of advantages over others. In rats, thioacetamide induces fibrogenesis followed by transformation into cirrhosis. The model allows the study of fibrosis sequentially or at specific stages and is easily reproducible. The developed morphological scale describes fibrogenesis in detail, takes into account intermediate stages, and possesses a diagnostic and prognostic value.
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