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Food additives and, in particular, food colours are becoming more widespread in all countries. The review is devoted to the least studied problem of synthetic food colours safety assessment approved for use in the Russian Federation to the analysis of their genotoxic effect (mechanisms, methods of determination and results of studies on various living objects). Presented results of the synthetic food colours genotoxicity half-century study demonstrated that among of studied colours there was none for which unambiguous research results were obtained, that allows us to conclude the possibility of their real mutagenic and/or carcinogenic danger. It is shown that the problem of the dose range selecting for genotoxicity testing, the associated problem of impurities control as well as approaches to test systems and test objects selection are the key to ensuring the genetic/carcinogenic safety of food colours. These problems are aggravated by the fact that in Russian Federation there is no unified system for food colours genetic safety assessing. So the main task of this publication is to prove the urgent necessity for elaboration of this system and outline group of main problems associated therewith.

To identify the mutagenic danger of various factors for humans often use two micronuclear tests - in peripheral blood lymphocytes cultivated with Cytochalasin B and in buccal mucosa epithelial cells. The last test is non-invasive and it is incomparably easier for collection and fixation an epithelial cells. Apparently, therefore, there is a sufficient number of publications of the results of meta-analysis of comparisons of these tests, which prove the possibility of their substitution. The aim of our work is to verify the hypothesis of interchangeability of micronuclei tests (MT) on lymphocytes and epithelium mucosa cells by comparing their effectiveness (presence/absence of effect). We selected publications from an array of data on the assessment of any factors - from diseases to industrial and household hazards, but only those in which the same volunteers were taken both tissues - blood for lymphocytes cultivation and scraping of buccal epithelium. Studies with negative response in both tissues compared to the control population were excluded from consideration. Our analysis showed that in the evaluation of 30 different factors affecting humans, a positive result in both tissues was obtained for 17 factors, only in human blood lymphocytes - for 7 factors, and only in buccal epithelium cells- for 6 factors. In addition to these comparisons, the cited articles show the features of each method and the problems associated with the interpretation of the results obtained in each of them. We concluded that for greater reliability of detection of mutagenic factors in genetic and hygienic studies it is advisable to use both tests.

The article presents the results of the second fragment of the complex genetic and psychological examination of 177 students of the chemical (CD) and economic (ED) departments of the Russian D.I. Mendeleev Chemical-Technological University. The design of the whole work included the analysis of conditions, socio-economic characteristics and the quality of life, multi-parameter psychological testing (177 students) and the buccal micronucleus cytome assay (146 students). The results of the first stage of the study showed the state of health and emotional state of the students not to be affected by the socio-economic factors that were taken into account, but the determined ones were: on CD, the duration of weekly laboratory work and, in both departments, the attitude of students to their future specialization. The purpose of this publication is to test the hypothesis of the relationship between the status of genome instability determined by the micronucleus test on buccal epithelium cells, the current exposure to chemical compounds during the work in the chemical laboratory, the presence of diseases, the influence of socioeconomic factors and the state of the emotional sphere. The research is a priority. In young men trained in CD,the total frequency of cells with micronuclei and cells with nuclear buds was demonstrated to be significantly greater in comparison with young men studying at EF. In contrast, the frequency of cells with the pyknosis of the nucleus was higher in young men from the EF. At both departments, the frequency of cells with condensed chromatin in the nucleus in young men was higher than in girls and was directly related to the practical work time in the chemical laboratory (hour/week). The frequency of micronucleated cells was shown to be associated with the student’s emotional state and the frequency of cells with the pycnosis of the nucleus was related with the way of life (mobile or sedentary).