Natural fiber welded (NFW) yarns embedded with porous carbon ­materials are described for applications as electrodes in textile electrochemical capacitors. With this fabrication technique, many kinds of carbons can be embedded into cellulose based yarns and subsequently knitted into full ­fabrics on industrial knitting machines. Yarns welded with carbon and ­stainless steel have device capacitances as high as 37 mF cm‐1, one of the highest reported values for carbon‐based yarns. The versatility of this ­technique to weld any commercially available cellulose yarn with any ­micro‐ or nanocarbon means properties can be tuned for specific applications. Most importantly, it is found that despite having full flexibility, increased strength, and good electrochemical performance, not all of the electrode yarns are ­suitable for knitting. Therefore, it is recommended that all works reporting on fiber/yarn capacitors for wearables attempt processing into full fabrics.

In this study, the chemical composition and physical properties of an algal-based hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) fuel were used to develop a surrogate mixture containing commercially available hydrocarbons. Analysis of the chemical composition of the algal HRD showed a small quantity of low-molecular-weight components and a high quantity of four high-molecular-weight components: n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane, and n-octadecane. Using these four components, a fifth branched component was added to match the physical properties of the algal HRD. Candidates for the fifth component were 2-methyloctane, 2-methylnonane, isooctane, and isododecane. The isooctane- and isododecane-based surrogates were tested in a Yanmar engine along with algal HRD and petroleum F76 diesel to assess the start of ignition, start of combustion, ignition delay, maximum rate of heat release, and overall combustion duration. The surrogate that best matches the physical properties of the flash point, density, viscosity, and surface tension as well as most closely reflecting the combustion metrics is one containing isododecane, n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane, and n-octadecane.

In the caption of Figure 13, "Injection delay" should be "Ignition delay".

The density, viscosity, and speed of sound were measured in this work for pure component branched alkanes (2-methyloctane, 4-methyloctane, 2methylnonane, 2-methyldecane, 3-methylundecane, 2-methylpentadecane, 7methylhexadecane, 3,6-dimethyloctane, and 3,5-dimethylheptane) commonly found in hydrotreated renewable fuels (HRFs) and for HRFs from tallow, camelina oil, and algae and waste cooking oil blended 50/50 with petroleum diesel. The density and viscosity were measured at temperatures from (283.15 to 373.15) K and ranged from (661 to 788) kg•m −3 for density and (0.261 to 5.36) mPa•s for viscosity. Speed of sound data were measured at temperatures from (283.15 to 323.15) K and spanned from (1081 to 1393) m•s −1 . The bulk modulus was calculated from the density and speed of sound data, and its values varied from (809 to 1527) MPa. All values increased as the carbon chain length on the alkane increased. All physical property values for the HRFs fell between those measured for individual pure component branched alkanes, providing property data for the development of surrogate mixtures for these renewable fuels.

Ionic liquid-facilitated mobilization and reorganization of biopolymers in natural fibrous materials is visualized by confocal fluorescent spectromicroscopy. Ionic liquid-based processes controllably fuse adjacent fibres while simultaneously leaving selected amounts of biopolymers in their native states. These processes generate congealed materials with extended intermolecular hydrogen bonding networks and enhanced properties.