Dihydroxynaphthalene melanin in Wangiella dermatitidis and Alternaria alternata was titrated in vivo with the oxidants permanganate, hypochlorite, and H 2 O 2. Melanized strains neutralized more oxidant and withstood higher concentrations of permanganate and hypochlorite than albino strains did. H 2 O 2 killing required 1,000-fold higher concentrations, and melanin did not protect W. dermatitidis against H 2 O 2 .

Conditions were investigated to determine the optimum processing parameters for preparation of a protein isolate from the ground, dehulled lupin seeds of Lupinus angustifolius. The extraction variables were: particle size (16-100 mesh); pH (2-1 1); extraction medium; solvent to lupin ratio (10: 1 to 40: I); temperature (20-60°C) and time (15-60 min). The isoelectric point of the lupin protein was found to be pH 4.5 with a protein solubility of greater than 90% above pH 8.0. Using 60-100 mesh ground lupin and extracting at pH 8.5 for 30min, a protein isolate was obtained on acidification to pH 4.8 which was 89.4% protein compared to 34.0% protein for the original dehulled lupin. This protein isolate represented 19.8% of the starting material and 52% of the starting nitrogen. Similar results were also obtained when hexane defatted lupin was used. In this case the protein isolate had a protein content of 92.5%. The yield of protein isolate could be increased to 25.7% of the starting material if the extraction was repeated. The protein efficiency ratio for the protein isolate was 2.90 when supplemented with methionine.

The proportion of seed coats (hulls) of four varieties of sweet lupin seeds ranged from 19 to 25 %. The amount of hull varied inversely with the weight of the seed, within each variety. Lupinus luteus cv Weiko I11 had 40.1 % protein (dry basis); of 3 cultivars of L . angustifolius cv Uniharvest had the highest protein (36.2 %), while cv Uniwhite had the lowest (28.6%). The protein content of dehulled lupins was about 20% higher than that of the whole seeds.L . angustifolius cv Uniwhite and L. luteus cv Weiko I11 were analysed for moisture, protein, lipid, ash, fibre, amino acids, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iron, copper and manganese. Whole seed, hulls and kernels were examined. Sulphur amino acids were limiting. The protein efficiency ratios of the two varieties, supplemented with methionine, were 2.40 and 2.56, respectively; these values increased by about 10% when the protein of the dehulled lupin seeds were tested. The requirement for added methionine for maximum p.e.r. was 0.65 g/kg diet. When dehulled lupin seed was steeped in water for a day and boiled and included in the diet of rats, slightly superior growth and p.e.r. resulted.The two varieties of dehulled lupin seeds effectively supplemented the protein of barley meal in the diet of rats, especially when methionine supplements were added, but were less efficient in supplemental value than was casein.

I . Protein concentrates were prepared from freshly cut lucerne by the Pirie proccss and freeze-dried. When supplemented with methionine or cystine and given to rats as the sole sourcc of protein at 1 2 0 g protcinjkg diet, the adjusted mean protein efficiency ratio was 2.89 (casein standard at 2. jo). As a supplenient to protein from barley meal the lucerne leaf-protein concentrate (LPC) was similar to casein. 2.To investigate nutritional safety, lucerne LPC supplemented with methionhe u-as given to rats at high levels for 6 months; exposurc of thesc rats to diffuse daylight was avoided to prevent a severe disfiguring photosensitivity reaction. At a dietary protein concentration of 100 g/kg, rats grew equally well with lucerne LPC or casein. When thc supplcment was given at protein concentrations of 200 or 300 g/kg the rates of body-weight gain of male and female rats were less than those of control rats given casein. However, after 5 months on the diets, body-weights of male rats had nearly reached those of the controls.3. Apparent protein digestibility ratio was about 0.80 with all threc lcvcls of lucerne LPC. 4. Reproduction was normal in seventeen of the eighteen female rats given the lucerne LPC at the three levels; lactation was also normal and litters were successfully raised to weaning. 5. Orgun weights, liver histology and blood haemoglobin were normal in male rats given the lucerne LPC for 6 months. .Total body lipid of male rats given lucerne LPC was about half that of the control rats given casein, Body protein was slightly increased, and moisture content was higher in rats given lucerne LPC.7. The 'whey' remaining after precipitation of the protein from lucerne juice strongly inhibited the initial growth of mice given a complete control diet. The mice soon accommodated to the depressive effect of 'whey', and body-weight gains were normal during the 3rd meeli.The preparation of protein concentrates from green lucerne leaves and their potential for use in the diets of man and animals were reviewed in detail at a recent international symposium (Pirie, 1971). Byers (1971 a, h) has reported that the amino acid compositions of leaf-protein preparations (LPC) from a variety of plant species were similar, and were characterized by concentrations of lysine and other essential amino acids, except methionine, that were more than adequate for the nutritional needs of simple-stomached animals. Allison (1971) reported collaborative studies correlating factors involved in the preparation of protein concentrates with the biological availability of their lysine, and this work was analyscd further by Allison, Laird & Synge (1973). Woodham (1971) showed by rat-feeding tests that methionine was the limiting amino acid.Recent work has centred on lucerne as the source plant for the commercial production of LPC (Kohler & Bickoff, 1971). Howcver, care must be taken to avoid

Seed hulls from both sweet and bitter varieties of lupins (Lupinus angustifolius)have been analysed for constituent polysaccharides. The hulls contained 15 to 32% oxalate-soluble pectic polysaccharide, excluding pentose, 12 to 14% hemicellulose, 44 to 51 % cellulose, 0.3 to 0.4% lignin, 2.7 to 3.8 % protein and 2 % ash."Crude fibre" was 54.9%. In agreement with the low lignin values all of the hemicellulose was extractable with alkali without prior delignification and 70 to 80 % of the polysaccharide in depectinated hulls was hydrolysed by cellulase plus hemicellulase, likewise without delignification. Sweet lupin seed hulls, added to a complete basal diet up to 40 %, did not depress growth of young rats significantly; compensatory increase in food consumption occurred. With 60 % hulls in the diet growth and food efficiency were reduced. Ground hulls did depress food and protein digestibility in direct proportion to their amount in the diet, possibly because of physical entrapment in the excessive bulk in the gut. The digestibility of the "crude fibre" of the hulls was 33 % when the diet contained 20% hulls; this decreased to 22% when the content of hulls in the diet was increased to 60%.