St. Petersburg, as the second most important Russian city in Russia is facing with waste related problems which requires taking immediate actions. The excessive diurnal volume of municipal waste generation and insufficient waste management system ring the bells to warn the decision makers. Focusing on problems, insufficiencies and opportunities of the waste management system, the paper goes through the evaluation of details of the dominant situation in St. Petersburg and two models are introduced to improve the system. At the end, an estimation of biofuel, heat and electricity generation will be provided for four incineration facility installments with design capacity of each 315,000 tons of waste per day. It will be shown that the contributing share of bioconversion processes is significant and an acceptable portion of 8% of annual electricity consumption can be supplied via those processes as well as production of 477 million liters of ethanol.
This work presents a review of ecological map of Leningrad Oblast’ basing on established normative documents. It was established that the ratio of treated and utilized waste does not exceed 5-10% of the total material amount. This states for low degree of municipal solid waste (MSW) recycling. We have carried out analysis and selection of the priority way for MSW recycling. It was shown that usage of MSW as a fuel for thermal and electrical energy production economizes traditional fuel types (coal, gas, mazut). Also it serves for reduction of greenhouse gas emission. It was established that the most perspective method for thermal utilization is waste gasification. According to the world data, the efficiency for syngas production from gasification is about 70%. At this, the remaining portions are physical heat losses as well as chemical and physical energies of the generated tar. Gasification setup modeling was performed using Aspens Plus. The total efficiency of thermal and electrical energy production was 70.5%.
The aim of this work is mathematical modelling of the developed technological scheme of the combined-cycle gas generator unit. An efficient technological scheme for gasification of wood waste with electricity generation is proposed in the paper. Mathematical modelling of the developed biomass gasification scheme was carried out. The payback period of the proposed combined-cycle plant with gas generator is calculated.
В работе рассмотрены проблемы очистки сточных вод и утилизации отработанных адсорбентов. Предложены различные способы утилизации отработанных сорбентов, изготовленных из остаточной биомассы микроводорослей Chlorella sorokiniana и ряски Lemna minor. Рассмотрена технология получения адсорбентов из сельскохозяйственных отходов (карбонизированная шелуха проса), из отходов производства терморасширенных графитов, биополимера-хитозана, и из остаточной биомассы микроводорослей Chlorella sorokiniana и ряски Lemna minor. Остаточная биомасса образуется после экстракции ценных компонентов из водорослей и ряски. Проведен термогравиметрический анализ, который показал, что разложение отработанного сорбента под действием температуры сопровождается экзотермическими эффектами в интервале температур 360-500 °С. Это позволяет рекомендовать применение отработанных сорбционных материалов в качестве топлива для получения энергии. Впервые определена удельная теплота сгорания отработанных сорбентов после очистки СВ от НП (22857-25220 кДж/кг), и от ИТМ (19 079-21 117 кДж/кг). Показано, что величины удельной теплоты сгорания отработанных сорбентов из остаточной биомассы не уступают классическим видам топлива: каменным и бурым углям. Удельная теплота сгорания отработанных сорбентов после очистки СВ от НП выше, чем удельная теплота сгорания отработанных сорбентов после очистки СВ от ИТМ. Это объясняется наличием углеводородов нефти, адсорбированных на сорбентах, которые повышают калорийность вещества.
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