Microcirculation plays a decisive role in the metabolism processes between blood and tissue in both physiological and pathological conditions of the body. The analysis of changes in microcirculation provides a unique perspective for studying processes at the micro- and macrolevels in clinical and experimental medicine, including diseases in the maxillofacial region. Despite the critical role of microcirculation in many oral diseases, direct imaging and quantification of tissue microcirculation is currently limited. Scientific interest in microcirculatory monitoring is growing with the advent of new physical diagnostic methods. To date, there are many methods for assessing microcirculation. The purpose of this literature review is to show the positive and negative aspects of using various methods for monitoring microcirculation. The scientific literature was searched in the PubMed and Elibrary databases. As a result, the main shortcomings of various monitoring methods were emphasized, as well as what prospects for study and modification are possible today.

Hypothermia or cold therapy is the local or systemic application of cold for therapeutic purposes. Local application of cold is used to control inflammation: pain and swelling, hematoma and trismus reduction. Despite the frequent use of cooling in prosthodontic rehabilitation and in physical therapy, as evidenced by many reports in the literature, there is scientific documentation that suggests disadvantages of using this treatment in maxillofacial surgery and oral surgery. Also the clinical studies that have been carried out in maxillofacial surgery and oral surgery have been conducted in an empirical manner, which casts doubt on the results. In view of this, it is relevant to study the mechanisms of microcirculatory preconditioning and hypothermia. This physiological process is so interesting for the development of medical devices of controlled hardware hypothermia to prevent inflammatory symptoms at the stage of rehabilitation by targeting the vascular and cellular component of the inflammatory process in different areas of the human body. To date, the use of local hardware controlled hypothermia in various pathological conditions in humans is a topical trend in medicine. Microcirculatory bloodstream is directly related to temperature factors. Although there are concepts of vascular spasm or dilatation in the microcirculatory bloodstream during systemic hypothermia, there are no reliable data on the cellular and vascular reactions during local hypothermia. In this paper, a search for fundamental and current scientific work on the topic of cellular and vascular changes under the influence of hypothermia was conducted. The search for data revealed that the mechanisms of intracellular hypothermia are of particular interest for the development of therapeutic treatments after surgical interventions in areas with extensive blood supply. With this in mind, it is relevant to investigate several areas: the role of endothelium, glycocalyx and blood cells in microcirculatory-mediated preconditioning and intracellular hypothermia, and in the molecular mechanism that regulates these processes, whether they occur in the same way in all tissues.

Various types of techniques increase the volume of the atrophied alveolar ridge are used as bone blocks, ridge splitting, osteoperiostal flap, etc. However, one of the most promising methods to date is the GBR method. The use of bone-substituting materials and isolating membranes gives a reliable and predictable result in dental implantology. Recent studies using the dPTFE (dense polytetrafluoroethylene ) membrane have shown a positive result at the site of regeneration even if the membrane itself is exposed in repaired period. With this type of complication the membrane is removed at a period of 4–6 weeks and replaced with a collagen membrane with subsequent approximation of the edges of the flap by sutures (24, 25). This article shows the possibility of regenerating the bone graft from sole xenogenic material using dPTFE membrane in case wound dehiscence in repaired period but without using the collagen membrane coating step after removing dPTFE and it healing by secondary tension.

Dental manipulation is often associated with the placement of implants in patients with partial or complete tooth loss. Before implants are placed, the dental surgeon is most often faced with a bone deficit in the alveolar ridge area. With any technique, the main disadvantage of autologous bone extraction is the additional trauma to the patient. Reducing the invasiveness of the surgical steps is particularly relevant in elderly patients with comorbidities [1, 2, 3]. In this article, the authors propose to use bone blocks of allogenic origin when restoring defects of the alveolar ridge of the jaw bones.

Hypothermia or cold therapy is the local or systemic application of cold for therapeutic purposes. Local application of cold is used to control inflammation: pain and swelling, hematoma and trismus reduction. Despite the frequent use of cooling in prosthodontic rehabilitation and in physical therapy, as evidenced by many reports in the literature, there is scientific documentation that suggests disadvantages of using this treatment in maxillofacial surgery and oral surgery. Also the clinical studies that have been carried out in maxillofacial surgery and oral surgery have been conducted in an empirical manner, which casts doubt on the results. In view of this, it is relevant to study the mechanisms of microcirculatory preconditioning and hypothermia. This physiological process is so interesting for the development of medical devices of controlled hardware hypothermia to prevent inflammatory symptoms at the stage of rehabilitation by targeting the vascular and cellular component of the inflammatory process in different areas of the human body. To date, the use of local hardware controlled hypothermia in various pathological conditions in humans is a topical trend in medicine. Microcirculatory bloodstream is directly related to temperature factors. Although there are concepts of vascular spasm or dilatation in the microcirculatory bloodstream during systemic hypothermia, there are no reliable data on the cellular and vascular reactions during local hypothermia. In this paper, a search for fundamental and current scientific work on the topic of cellular and vascular changes under the influence of hypothermia was conducted. The search for data revealed that the mechanisms of intracellular hypothermia are of particular interest for the development of therapeutic treatments after surgical interventions in areas with extensive blood supply. With this in mind, it is relevant to investigate several areas: the role of endothelium, glycocalyx and blood cells in microcirculatory-mediated preconditioning and intracellular hypothermia, and in the molecular mechanism that regulates these processes, whether they occur in the same way in all tissues.