Summary Commercial petroleum sulfonic acid reagents have been compared with Twitchell reagents, alkylarylsulfonic acids, and sulfoarylstearic acids as fat‐splitting reagents in the hydrolysis of lard oil, tallow, cotton‐seed oil, garbage grease, and inedible grease. The best reagents were made from commercial wetting agents of the alkylarylsulfonate type. Sulfoxylylstearic acid, seven petroleum sulfonic acids, and four Twitchell reagents followed in decreasing order. Observations have been made on the distribution of the fat‐splitting reagent between phases, the necessity of removing the sweet water after a certain degree of hydrolysis, and the effect of the fat‐splitting reagent upon the color of the crude fat acids.

Summary DEODORIZATION produced no appreciable increase in the stability of steam‐rendered lard but significantly increased the stability of kettlerendered lard. A substantial increase in the stability of lard was produced by tocopherol, regardless of whether it was added as a pure compound, as a concentrate, or as a tocopherol‐bearing oil. Accelerated tests showed that this increase was more than doubled when small amounts of synergists also were added. Deodorization of the lard prior to addition of the synergistic antioxidant compositions produced even greater stability. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid was more effective than tocopherol as an antioxidant for lard, as determined by both the active oxygen and the oxygen‐absorption methods. Deodorization of the lard prior to addition of this antioxidant and synergists did not effect further increase in stability over that obtained by the addition of these materials to undeodorized lard.

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In their paper Drenan and Hill6 give two calculated values for M in the case of hydrogen iodide adsorbed on graphite a t 81.33' K. M is equal to 16.99 if the adsorption is non-localized and 2.16 if it is localized. As both these values are greater than unity the entropy of adsorption to the standard SO = SI must be less than the entropy of liquefaction which is an interesting and unexpected result, especially in the case of localized adsorption. Summary Equations are derived showing that the BET constant albz/azbl is unity only when the differential entropy of adsorption to a standard state on the surface defined by SO = SI (the bare fraction of the surface being equal to the fraction covered by one layer of molecules) is equal to the entropy of liquefaction of the adsorbate. It is also shown from published results that the value of albn/a&l may range a t least from to 10, and that the single isotherm method of determining heats of adsorption can only be used when the entropy of adsorption is known. CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND RECEIVED MAY 8, 1950 In the course of an investigation of fluoroboric of zinc fluoroborate was prepared from the pure hexahyacid, spectrophotometric analysis was studied as drate. Technical lead fluoroborate solution (50.7%), a possible method of identification and analysis purified W I I ) fluoroborate solution (47.7%) and cadmium fluoroborate solution (50.8%) were used as received.Of the its products, and its The fluoroborate salts and solutions were very kindly compounds. An attempt was made also to furnished by the General Chemical Division, Allied determine the extent of complex formation, if Chemical and Dye Corporation. any, of the fluoroborate ion and Some of its Procedure and Results.-To investigate the possible hydroxy acids. cases, the method of formation of complexes between fluoroboric acid and cobalt(I1) or nickel(I1) , respectively, three solutions were continuous variations as by Jobs and prepared for each ion as described under Materials. The improved by Vosburgh and Cooper4 was applied nitrate salts were used in each case, because in dilute in the study of possible complexes. The characteristic spectra of two hydrolysis products of fluoroboric acid have been obtained, and the general lack of any complexing tend-O.5O ~ ency has been demonstrated. 0.40 -& 2 U Experimental .* Measurements.-Light absorption measurements $ 0.30 were made with a Beckman model DU spectrophotometer. Quartz or corex cells (1-cm.) were used, and all readings were made at room tem-Materials.-C. P. samples of hydrated cobalt and nickel nitrates were dissolved to give 0.1 M solutions (1) in water, (2) in 7.7 M hydrochloric acid and (3) in 42% aqueous fluoroboric acid. A 0.2 M o , o~ . solution of cupric sulfate was prepared from the C. P. hydrate. C. P . chromium metal was treated with 60% perchloric acid, 42% fluoroboric acid, and 400 500 600 anhydrous H[BFz(OH)Z] to give solutions 0.03,0.07 and 0.02 M , respectively, in chromium(II1) ion. H[BFz(OH)z] was prepared by the method of Soiva, Fig. ~.-AbsorPtio...

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