We have characterized antireflection (AR) moth-eye films placed on top of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules by indoor and outdoor experiments and examined improvements in conversion efficiency. The effects of the ratio of diffuse solar irradiation to total solar irradiation (diffusion index) and incident angle on efficiency have been quantitatively analyzed. Using computer simulations, yearly efficiency improvements under different installation conditions have been projected. We have shown that the use of AR moth-eye films offers the best advantages. Further, vertical tilt angle installation leads to the highest efficiency improvement, whereas spectral matching with the PV modules influences the efficiency improvement.

Abstract— Reflective color LCDs with double polarizers have been developed by means of optimizing liquid‐crystal modes, aperture ratio, color‐filter properties, thickness of the glass substrate, polarizers, reflectors, etc. These LCDs are sufficiently bright, display many colors, have good hue, and are light weight with thin outline and low power consumption. Since they have double polarizers, a very high contrast ratio can be obtained. Therefore, they are superior in text character displays. Moreover, transflective color LCDs have been developed without visible deterioration of reflective displays by adoption of a reflective polarizer and backlight system in place of a lower polarizer and reflector.

A single LiNbO(3) crystal doped with U ions is a new sensitive phase holographic material with high diffraction efficiency and with long thermal decay time of a hologram. The energy density of a 4880-A beam from an Ar-ion laser required to reach 40% diffraction efficiency is about 1 J/cm(2) for a 1.2-mm thick crystal. Diffraction efficiency of a hologram stored in an U-doped LiNbO(3) crystal was scarcely reduced from its initial value when the crystal was held at room temperature for 150 days.