The methods used to reprocess wastes containing petroleum are reviewed. It is shown that the use of petroleum sludges as secondary raw materials is an efficient recovery method.Petroleum and sludge storage pits of petroleum producing and refining enterprises contain millions of tons of petroleum-containing wastes, which pose a threat to the environment. As estimated by experts, loss of petroleum with the wastes comprises approximately 3 % of its annual production. In view of this, all investigations designed to find ways of detoxifying and utilizing petroleum-containing wastes are a priority.To process petroleum wastes, just as other organic matters, use is made of utilization (recovery) and industrial technologies, the most popular among which are methods of local combustion with utilization of the heat potential of the petroleum wastes.Combustion is generally carried out in chamber, bubbler-type (with fluidized-bed), multihearth, and rotary ovens (furnaces). The last one remains the main equipment for combustion of petroleum-containing residues of refining plants. Since in this process more than 60 % of the heat is lost with the departing (waste) gases, it is expedient to utilize it for thermal detoxification of incombustible dehydrated residues, i.e., to combine combustion of liquid fuels with drying of incombustible wastes. Drum-type furnaces are used for combined combustion at 900-1300°C of solid, liquid, and pasty wastes. As in fluidized-bed furnaces, two-stage combustion is carried out to reduce the volume of noxious wastes. Initially, the wastes are oxidized in a counterflow rotary furnace.The ash formed is removed from the furnace and the flue gases containing products of incomplete combustion are led into a furnace for complete combustion.In Russia, turbobubbler-type units Vikhr' (vortex) and Fakel (spray) with throughput of up to 10 ton/h are popular for combustion of fuel wastes at process temperatures of 800-1100°C. The Vikhr' units provide for

The Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of readily available 2-bromo-1H-indene with 1H-pyrrole, 1H-indole, 9H-carbazole, and their derivatives were shown to be convenient methods to obtain novel ligands containing azole fragments bonded with cyclopentadienyl via nitrogen. An alternative protocol using enol triflates of 1-indanone or 2-indanone is also useful, particularly for synthesizing indenes bearing the N-azolyl fragment in position 1. On the other hand, the synthesis of 2-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-1H-indene can be achieved via the Cu-catalyzed reactions only. The substituted indenes with the N-azolyl fragment in position 2 were further used for obtaining several semisandwich complexes of zirconium, [η5-2-(N-azolyl)indenyl]zirconium tribromides, as well as symmetrical and unsymmetrical Waymouth-type zirconium and hafnium complexes containing indenyl ligands bearing planar N-azolyl or aryl fragments in position 2. These metallocenes were unambiguously characterized, including by X-ray crystal structure analysis, and a study of the fluxional behavior of several Waymouth-type complexes in solution was carried out by NMR spectroscopy. Finally, novel Waymouth-type complexes, after being activated by MAO, were found to form active catalysts of ethylene homopolymerization and ethylene/1-octene copolymerization.

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