An article reviews the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with high cardiovascular risk, chronic heart failure with low left ventricular ejection fraction and diabetic nephropathy. The authors discuss the mechanisms of action of GLP-1 receptor agonists, their main advantages (significant hypoglycemic effect, organoprotection and improved cardiovascular and renal outcomes) and dosedependent side effects.

Despite the achievements of modern cardiology, the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in most countries of the world remains high, which motivates the wider use of additional (alternative) preventive and therapeutic approaches, one of which is hypoxytherapy. Over several decades of using this method, a large amount of data has been accumulated that allows us to state the beneficial effect of various hypoxytherapy regimens on the clinical course of cardiovascular diseases and can potentially improve prognosis of them. The use of hypoxytherapy is associated with an improvement in blood pressure circadian rhythm, flow-dependent vasodilation, an insulin resistance decrease, a vascular wall stiffness redaction, an improvement in blood rheology, endothelial function and nitric oxide system, a decrease of proinflammatory and prothrombotic cytokines levels. A number of modern experts consider hypoxytherapy as an affordable and perspective method of prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, effectively supporting traditional non-drug and drug-based approaches. Contemporary data indicate serious future perspectives for an expanded study of the hypoxytherapy possibilities in cardiac patients, including through the State research programmes. This review is devoted to the discussion of the physiological effects of hypoxytherapy, the possibilities of its application in cardiological practice, including with the analysis of own data, as well as precautions during its implementation.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are often combined and often burden each other. The purpose was to compare demographic, clinical, laboratory and ultrasound characteristics of patients with NAFLD and the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes mellitus during prospective follow-up. Material and methods. 56 patients with NAFLD (18 men and 37 women) aged 57.7 (6.2) years were under observation. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (31 patients with NAFLD and DM2) and group 2 (32 patients with NAFLD without DM2). General clinical and biochemical blood tests and ultrasound examinations of the liver were performed at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of follow-up in all patients (ultrasound device Aplio 500 (TOSHIBA, Japan). The liver structure was evaluated using the recommendations of R.V. Eifler (2013); S. Saadeh (2002). The program MedStat 4.0 was used for statistical processing of the material. Results. Overweight, arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, elevated levels of AST and ALT were detected in group 1 more often than in group 2 (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups in the frequency and severity of clinical manifestations of NAFLD, in the average values of alkaline phosphatase and GGT concentrations (all p > 0.05). There was a statistically significant relationship between the increase in aminotransferase levels by 2 or more times and the glycosylated hemoglobin levels (χ2 = 8.53, p < 0.01), the DM2 duration (χ2 = 6.71, p < 0.05), the presence of retinopathy and/or nephropathy (χ2 = 5.92, p < 0.05). Among the patients of the group 1, the ultrasound examination significantly more often revealed an increased liver echogenicity, multiple drain hyperechoic changes and its diffuse lesion (all p < 0.05). Conclusions. NAFLD in patients with DM2 has a number of clinical, laboratory and ultrasound features compared with patients with NAFLD without diabetes.