Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases associated with short term and long term avoidable complications. The treatment of T2DM often is initiated with monotherapy of oral antidiabetic drugs, which often do not decrease the plasma sugar levels effectively and consistently that will reduce the complications associated with T2DM. Hence the current study is aimed to determine the effectiveness of commonly available and affordable oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods: This study consisted of 210 T2 Diabetic patients, 120 males and 90 females with a mean age of 50.93yrs were divided equally into six groups with equal number of males and females in each group depending upon the OADs they received in solo or in combination for 24weeks. After the written consent, a detail Clinical history, Clinical examination, Biochemical investigations including, Fasting plasma sugar (FPS), Post prandial sugar (PPS), Glycosylated heamoglobin (HBA1c), serum Creatinine, serum Electrolytes, Chest X-ray PA view and standard ECG were done. Repeat FPS, PPS and HBA1c were done after 4, 12 and 24weeks of study.Results: After 4 weeks, FPS, PPS decreased significantly in combination therapy (p <0.05), while after 12weeks and 24weeks of study, FPS, PPS and HBA1c decreased significantly (p <0.01 to p <0.001 in both monotherapy and in combination therapy. Non-diabetic levels of plasma sugars were obtained in 25-45% with monotherapy and 37-57% in combination therapy. Metformin was an effective monotherapy to initiate treatment of T2DM, but eventually combination therapy was required in most of the patients. The combinations of metformin-teneligliptin and metformin-glimepiride were found to be most effective because of their favourable pharmacokinetic characters and complementary pharmcodynamic effects.Conclusions: OADs are affordable, effective hypoglycemic agents to initiate treatment as monotherapy and for subsequent treatment as combination therapy for T2DM.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases associated with ‘atherogenic dyslipidemia’ The treatment of T2DM often is initiated with oral antidiabetic drugs, most of which not only decrease blood sugar levels effectively but also decrease the lipid levels. Hence the current study is aimed to determine the effectiveness of oral hypoglycemic agents in dealing with associated dyslipidemia.Methods: 150 T2DM patients were divided equally into five groups depending upon the oral antidiabetic drugs they received in solo or in combination for 24 weeks, with equal number of males and females in each group. After the written consent, a detail clinical history, clinical examination, Biochemical investigations including, glycosylated haemoglobin and lipid profile, chest X-ray and ECG were done.Results: After 24 weeks of study, the mean total cholesterol and mean triglycerides decreased significantly (p <0.05 to p <0.01) with monotherapy of metformin and teneligliptin as well as with combination of either metformin and glimepiride or metformin and teneligliptin. The decrease of LDL-C and VLDL-C was not statistically significant with any of the OAD drugs in solo or in combination. Similarly, HDL-C increased significantly (p <0.05) in Group I, III, IV and V; but was most effective with combination therapy. The atherogenic index of plasma also decreased (p <0.05) with metformin or its combination with either teneligliptin or glimepiride.Conclusions: Oral antidiabetic drugs are not only affordable and effective hypoglycemic agents but can also decrease serum lipids and thereby aids in the prevention and management of atherosclerosis and its complications in T2DM.

INTRODUCTIONHypertension is one of the most important public health problems worldwide and if left untreated, 50% die of CAD, 33% die of stroke and 10-15% die of renal failure. 1 These vascular complications of the Hypertension are mainly due to the damage to vascular endothelium (endothelial dysfunction) caused by shear stress of Hypertension which is the initial event in atherosclerotic process. Hence the present study is aimed at observing the association of the essential hypertension with endothelial dysfunction and left ventricular dysfunction which are assessed noninvasively and to evaluate the effects of statins (non-lipid effects) on endothelial and left ventricular dysfunction besides their conventional effect on lipid profile. METHODSHypertensive is diagnosed when SBP is ≥140 mm Hg and or DBP is ≥90mm Hg as per JNC-VII criteria, 2003. 2 Patients with Secondary hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Hyperlipidemia, Ischemic heart disease and history of smoking were excluded from the study. ABSTRACTBackground: Hypertension is one of the commonest diseases affecting the mankind which is associated with endothelial dysfunction and left ventricular dysfunction and hence the study is aimed to observe the effects of statins on endothelial and left ventricular dysfunction. Methods: 15 hypertensive patients were given atorvastatin for 4 weeks and compared with sex and aged matched 15 controls after a detailed Clinical history, clinical examination, biochemical investigations, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and Doppler study of brachial artery. Results: Both study group and control group consisted of 10 males and 5 females who have dyslipidemia, endothelial and ventricular dysfunction. After a 4 weeks of study, in study group, flow mediated brachial artery diameter (FMD%) increased significantly (11.39%, P<0.01) from 7.37% to 18.76%, mean LV systolic function (EF) improved significantly (10.73%, P:<0.01) from 54.6% to 60.65%, LV diastolic function was normalized in 7 (46.67%) and improved in 5 (33.33%) patients, the mean systolic and diastolic BP decreased significantly (12.03%, P<0.01, 10.29%, P<0.01) from 149.66mmHg to 131.66mmHg and from 90.66mmHg to 81.33mmHg respectively, while in control group FMD increased marginally (1.07%) from 7.50% to 8.57%, LV EF marginally improved (1.47%) to 54.86% from 54.06%; no improvement in diastolic dysfunction, mean systolic and diastolic BP decreased marginally (6.25%, 0.74%) from 149.33 mmHg to 140mmHg and from 90.33mmHg to 89.66mmHg respectively. Conclusions: Statins improve not only lipid profile but also endothelial and LV functions which resulted in significant reduction of systolic and diastolic BP. Hence it is reasonable to treat all hypertensive patients with statins besides concurrent hypertension treatment.