SummaryDermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that can be pathogenic for humans and animals by infecting the stratum corneum, nails, claws or hair. The first infection step consists of adherence of arthroconidia to the stratum corneum. The mechanisms and the kinetics of adherence have been investigated using different in vitro and ex vivo experimental models, most notably showing the role of a secreted serine protease from Microsporum canis in fungal adherence to feline corneocytes. After germination of the arthroconidia, dermatophytes invade keratinised structures that have to be digested into short peptides and amino acids to be assimilated. Although many proteases, including keratinolytic ones, have been characterised, the understanding of dermatophyte invasion mechanisms remains speculative. To date, research on mechanisms of dermatophyte infection focused mainly on both secreted endoproteases and exoproteases, but their precise role in both fungal adherence and skin invasion should be further explored.
The mechanisms involved in the establishment of the specific immune response against dermatophytes remain unknown. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are recruited early during the infection process and participate in the elimination of dermatophytes. They could therefore be involved in the induction of the immune response during dermatophytoses by producing specific cytokines. The aim of this work was to assess the in vitro cytokine production by feline PMNs exposed to living arthroconidia from the dermatophyte species Microsporum canis or stimulated with either a secreted or a structural component of M. canis, the latter consisting of heat-killed arthroconidia. The levels of specific cytokines produced by PMNs was determined by capture ELISA and/or quantitative RT-PCR. Results showed that PMNs secrete TNFα, IL-1β and IL-8 following exposure to M. canis living arthroconidia and stimulation with both a secreted component and heat-killed arthroconidia. The level of IL-8 mRNA was also increased in PMNs stimulated with M. canis living arthroconidia. In conclusion, infective M. canis arthroconidia induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by feline PMNs that can be activated either by secreted or structural fungal components. Our results suggest that these granulocytes are involved in the initiation of the immune response against M. canis. We would like to thank you for your consideration of our work as well as for your comments and the opportunity you gave us to submit an amended version of our manuscript. We would like also to thank the reviewers for their critical remarks.Our specific answers to comments are as follow:Editor's comments: As an Editor it is not only my duty to assure the scientific quality of manuscripts, but also to make sure that the limited printing space available is used as efficient as possible. In this respect I have to ask you to reduce the length of your Introduction to one page. I have asked this from numerous authors and do not wish to make an exception for your manuscript.The length of the introduction was reduced as requested. Reviewer 1:My main concerns relates to:-some minor typo-errors occurring in the manuscript (i.e., line 258 "Trichomonas vaginalis") that should be corrected during revision.Line 254: "Trichomona vaginalis" was replaced by "Trichomonas vaginalis".-the discussion section, which would benefit from some modification. The content of lines 214-215 is over repeated in this part, so I would ask to the Authors to adjust it throughout the text. The concepts of lines 215-219 should be for other parts of the work.The content of the lines 214-219 was deleted to avoid repetition in the work. Reviewer 2:Revision Note However, a fungal culture was performed and was negative for dermatophytes in all cases.Concerning haematological analyses, a blood smear confirmed that feline PMNs had no morphological abnormalities and represented 40-75% of total white blood cells. Cats were negative after testing for infection with Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodef...
Please cite this article as: Bȃguţ, E.T., Baldo, A., Mathy, A., Cambier, L., Antoine, N., Cozma, V., Mignon, B., Sub3 is involved in adherence of Microsporum canis to human and animal epidermis, Veterinary Microbiology (2010Microbiology ( ), doi:10.1016Microbiology ( /j.vetmic.2012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. The aim of this study was to assess the role of the secreted keratinolytic subtilisin-like Miracloth layers (22-25 µm; Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA, USA) and stored at 4 °C until use. 87Arthroconidia concentration was determined by serial dilutions on Sabouraud's agar medium. 88In all the experiments, arthroconidia were used within two weeks. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t for adherence to feline epidermis. Three independent assays using skin explants from three 151 unrelated cats were performed as described above, except that before inoculation of skin 152 explants with deficient or control strain arthroconidia, the latter were preincubated with rSub3 153(2.5 µg/ml, 1 µg/ml or 0.5 µg/ml reaction mixture) for 1 h at 37 °C in humidified atmosphere 154 containing 5% CO 2 . Recombinant Sub3 was substituted with PBS as a control. 155Finally, the stability of rSub3 in the conditions of our adherence assays, i.e., after contact with 156 either feline epidermis or arthroconidia, was also assessed. The rSub3 was either deposited on 157 feline epidermis or mixed with deficient or control strain arthroconidia for 4 h at 37 °C. 158Samples were then subjected to 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel 159 electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions and assessed for enzymatic activities 160 using Suc-AAPF-pNa, as described above. arthroconidia from the M. canis SUB3 silenced strain were not stained (Fig. 1c). As a control incubated with pre-immune antibody (Fig. 1b) epidermis when compared to the control strain set up as 100% (Fig. 2). These results show which its expression has also been proven. 229For dermatophytes, the precise mechanisms by which subtilisins contribute to virulence are on the adherence of either silenced or control strain arthroconidia (Fig. 3). The absence of 250 adherence restoration upon addition of rSub3 was not related to degradation of exogenous 251 rSub3 during adherence assays. Indeed, after contact with either feline epidermis (Fig. 4)
The overexpression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNAs in stimulated feline PMNs suggests that these receptors are involved in the host immune response through the recognition of M. canis PAMPs.
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