The study determined the physical properties of finger millet (FM) (Eluesine coracana) grains and the functional properties of FM flour. Physical properties such as colour attributes, sample weight, bulk density, true density, porosity, surface area, sample volume, aspect ratio, sphericity, dimensional properties and moisture content of grain cultivars were determined. Water absorption capacity (WAC), bulk density (BD), dispersibility, viscosity and micro-structure of FM flours were also evaluated. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 23.0. Results showed that milky cream cultivar was significantly higher (p<0.05) than other samples in sample weight, bulk density, true density, aspect ratio and sphericity. However, pearl millet, used as a control, was significantly different from FM flour on all dimensional properties. Moisture content of milky cream showed higher significant difference for both grains and flours as compared to brown and black grain/flours. Milky cream cultivar was significantly different in L*, b*, C*, H* values, WAC, BD and dispersibility for both FM grains and flours. Data showed that brown flour was significantly higher in viscosity than in milky and black flours. Microstructure results revealed that starch granules of raw FM flours had oval/spherical and smooth surface. The study is important for agricultural and food engineers, designers, scientists and processors in the design of equipment for FM grain processing. Results are likely to be useful in assessing the quality of grains used to fortify FM flour.

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) also known as tamba, is a staple cereal grain in some parts of the world with low income population. The grain is characterized by variations in colour (brown, white and light brown cultivars); high concentration of carbohydrates, dietary fibre, phytochemicals and essential amino acids; presence of essential minerals; as well as a gluten-free status. Finger millet (FM) in terms of nutritional composition, ranks higher than other cereal grains, though the grain is extremely neglected and widely underutilized. Nutritional configuration of FM contributes to reduced risk of diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure and gastro-intestinal tract disorder when absorbed in the body. Utilization of the grain therefore involves traditional and other processing methods such as soaking, malting, cooking, fermentation, popping and radiation. These processes are utilised to improve the dietetic and sensory properties of FM and equally assist in the reduction of anti-nutritional and inhibitory activities of phenols, phytic acids and tannins. However, with little research and innovation on FM as compared to conventional cereals, there is the need for further studies on processing methods, nutritional composition, health benefits and valorization with a view to commercialization of FM grains.

The symbiotic relationship between the soybean plant and rhizobium results in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N(2)) in the root nodules, with the result that nitrogenous fertilization of the soybean is unnecessary. The effectiveness of nodule formation and N(2) fixation with rhizobial strains is under genetic control with two general categories identified: (1) promiscuous, which produces functional nodules with cowpea-type rhizobial strains; and (2) nonpromiscuous, which forms no or nonfunctional nodules with these strains. The segregation pattern of this promiscuity trait was studied using nodule dry weight (NDW) and leaf color score (LCS) as indicators of N(2) fixation effectiveness. Individual plants in each of six populations [P(1) = nonpromiscuous, P(2) = promiscuous, F(1) = P(1) x P(2) (and the reciprocal cross), BC(1)(P(1)) = F(1) (female) x P(1), BC(1)(P(2)) = F(1) (female) x P(2), F(2)] were scored for these characters after inoculation with a rhizobial strain that would distinguish between both types. For NDW, nonpromiscuity was found to be partially dominant (h/d = 0.37), controlled by four loci. For LCS, nonpromiscuity was shown to be almost completely dominant (h/d = 0.74), controlled by two loci. LCS was a more meaningful estimate of N(2) fixation because it represented the total effectiveness of nodulation to provide nitrogen for the plant.