The appearance of resin pockets in CT-images of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was studied. The study also includes a comparison between measured and calculated CT-numbers of Norway spruce resin and wood. It was found that it should be possible to create algorithms that automatically detect large resin pockets in CT-images of Norway spruce. Compared to resin pockets in heartwood, resin pockets in green sapwood are more dif®cult to detect due to the high density of the surrounding wood. The study also showed that the correlation between measured and calculated CT-numbers was high and that it is possible to use the same function for conversion between CTnumber and density for both green wood and resin.
Erscheinungsform der Harztaschen von nordischem Fichtenholz im CT-BildDie Erscheinungsform von Harztaschen in nordischem Fichtenholz wurde mittels CT-Scanning untersucht. Dabei wurden auch die gemessenen und mittels CT berechneten Werte fu Èr Harz und Holz verglichen. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse sollte es mo Èglich sein, Algorithmen zur automatischen Erkennung von Harztaschen im CT-Bild zu entwickeln. Harztaschen im frischen Splintholz sind wegen der hohen Dichte des umgebenden Holzes schwieriger zu erkennen als im Kernholz. Die Korrelation zwischen gemessenen und CT-Werten war hoch. Die gleiche Funktion zur Umwandlung der CT-Werte in Dichtewerte kann sowohl fu Èr Holz als auch fu Èr Harz verwendet werden.
Mechanical bending stress due to wind exposure has been suggested to be of major importance for induction of resin pockets in gymnosperm trees. In this study, this idea was tested experimentally by applying bending stress to 1-year-old internodes of five-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings during dormancy and/or growth. The stems were bent manually to 30° from their original upright position at regular intervals. About 30 % of the stems that were bent during growth were wounded in the xylem, whereas no wounding was observed in control stems or stems bent during dormancy. Similarity of these wounds to naturally-occurring resin pockets leads us to conclude that exposure of seedlings to mechanical bending stress due to wind during growth can be a source of formation of resin pockets.
Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 56 (1998) 193-2oo 9 Springer-Verlag 1998 unbiased volume estimation of resin pockets using CT-scanned images from one spruce log Stereological methods for the volume estimation of resin pockets in saw logs were studied using computed tomography (CT) and image analysis. The Cavalieri theorem was applied for transverse sections and the Pappus theorem was applied for longitudinal radial sections. Stereology applied on wood has to consider both the linear orientation of tracheids and rays, and the circular, lamellar oriented structure of annual rings. The precision of the estimates is illustrated with varying step length between sections, i.e. varying sample size and sampling intensity. To estimate the volume of resin pockets in one log with a coefficient of error of less than 10% requires a step length of 80 mm between transverse sections or ten radial longitudinal sections 18 degrees apart. Here, the resolution of 1.37 x 1.37 x 5 mm overestimated the true volume of resin pockets. Large resin pockets can be detected, whereas detection of small resin pockets, which involved differentiation between resin pockets and compression wood, was difficult with the CT-scanner. This study proves that implementation of stereology on wood can be a good tool for quantitative analysis of resin pockets, which also means that the methods are suited for effective quality control of resin pockets in sawn timber.
Vorliiufige Studie zum Erfassen des wirklichen Volumens yon Harztaschen mit Hilfe sterologischer Auswertung der CT-Bilder yon Fichtenrundholz Stereologische Methoden zum Erfassen des Volumens vonHarztaschen wurden an CT-Bildern mit Hilfe yon Bildanalysetechniken untersucht. Ffir Querschnitte wurde das A one week stereology course in Berne given by L.M. Cruz-Orive greatly stimulated and assisted this study. Cavalieri-Theorem, ffir Lgngsschnitte das Pappus-Theorem angewendeL Die Stereologie yon Holz muff sowohl die lineare Orientierung der Tracheiden und Holzstrahlen als auch die ringfarmige Lamellenstruktur der Jahrringe berticksichtigen. Die Genauigkeit der Sch~itzung wird anhand verschiedener Schrittweiten der Scans belegt, d.h. durch unterschiedliche Probengr6fle und Scandichte. Zur Sch/itzung des Volumens einer Harztasche in einem Rundholz mit einer Fehlerrate unter 10% erfordert eine Schrittl~inge yon 80 mm zwischen den Querschnitten oder 10 radiale Uingsschnitte in Schritten von je 18 ~ In dieser Studie war bereits eine Aufl6sung von 1,37 x 5 mm mehr als ausreichend. Grofe Harztaschen sind gut erkennbar, w~ihrend kleine Harztaschen, die eine Differenzierung von etwaigem Druckholz erfordern, schwierig mit CT-Scannern zu erfassen sind. Die Arbeit zeigt, daft stereologische Methoden gut zur quantitativen Bildanalyse eingesetzt werden k6nnen,, d.h. daft sie sich auch fiir eine effektive Kontrolle yon Schnittholz (im Hinblick auf Harztaschen) eignen.
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