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In 1948, a surgical cut-down was used to access the radial artery and described the first method of cardiac catheterization using the radial artery. This method transitioned from the Sones approach of brachial artery cut-down to the Seldinger and Judkins technique of percutaneous femoral artery access. [1] The first 100 cases of coronary angiography were published in 1989. Lucien Campeau invented this procedure at the Montreal Heart Institute in 1986. [2] Advances in technology and equipment have made transradial coronary intervention the primary technique for coronary interventional treatment worldwide. [3] Radial access is less likely to cause access-site bleeding and is more comfortable for patients than femoral access. [4] According to a 2017 Kiemeneij study, left distal radial artery cannulation is a novel, safe, and valuable technique. This innovative method can help with several right distal radial artery cannulation issues. [5] This perspective outlines the feasibility and safety of left versus right anatomical snuff box in interventional cardiology.

Introduction: Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction (HFNEF), also known as Diastolic Heart Failure (DHF), has been well-studied since the past two decades. The signs of HFNEF are signs of heart failure and abnormal ventricular filling pressure with normal systolic function. A Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a clustering of metabolic risk factors. Cardiovascular disease caused by metabolic syndrome includes vascular and myocardial abnormalities such as diastolic dysfunction and relaxation abnormalities. Aim: To study the assosciation between the timing of menopause and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction (LVDD) in those with and without MS. Materials And Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the period between December 2021 to June 2022 at the Department of Cardiology in A.C.S Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. All female patients that underwent a medical examination were selected for the study. Postmenopausal women without overt heart diseases (such as a history of heart valve disease or myocardial infarction, or a prior LV ejection fraction > 50%) were included. This study included 80 patients grouped into two: those with and without MS. The MS group included 30 subjects divided into two subgroups: those who experienced menopause at or before 50 years of age (early menopause group) and those who experienced menopause at or after 50 years of age (late menopause group). Out of 80, 50 participants were divided into early menopause and late menopause groups among women without MS. This study analyse the evolution of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), assessed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), in 80 postmenopausal women with and without MS. Independent t-tests was applied to assess the association between the timing of menopause and LVDD. Results: The mean age was 60±7.3 years in women with MS and 62±8.8 years in women without MS. There were no significant differences in the duration since menopause between the postmenopausal women with and without MS. No significant difference was found between the two groups (early vs. late menopause group) with respect to any diastolic parameter, including Early (E) and Late (A), E/A ratio, and E/e in women with MS. In postmenopausal women without MS, there was a significant difference in diastolic parameters including the A, early diastolic annular velocity (e’), ratio of early diastolic transmitral flow velocity to annular flow velocity was calculated (E/e’) between the two groups (early vs. late menopause group). In comparison to patients with MS, patients without the condition had significantly lower early peak mitral inflow velocity (E, p-value=0.019), early diastolic mitral annulus motion velocity (e’-septal, p-value=0.05), late peak mitral inflow velocity ratio (E/A, p-value=0.07), and LV filling pressure values (E/e, p-value=0.02). Conclusion: Early menopause impacts diastolic function in postmenopausal women and LVDD progression in women without MS. LVDD progression in women with MS was unaffected by early menopause.

Objective: To investigate the golden-time-awareness of and the necessary actions in response to acute myocardial infarction among the general public. Methods: This study was conducted with the use of a descriptive research design and convenience sampling. A sample of 800 subjects, using self-structured knowledge questionnaires, was selected for data collection and analysis. The study was conducted at Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, India, from February to November 2022. Awareness of myocardial infarction symptoms and intervention timeline (the golden time) was investigated. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the demographic factors affecting the recognition of the golden time of acute myocardial infarction. Results: A total of 800 subjects were included. Among the subjects, 367 (45.8%) were male, 433 (54.2%) were female, and 443 (55.3%) participants failed to recognize the golden time. Our multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that people with a bachelor’s degree (OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.23-0.74, P=0.03) and a high school level diploma (OR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.31-0.97, P=0.03) are more likely to know about myocardial infarction (golden time) than illiterate people. Additionally, people who are employed (OR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.41-0.85, P=0.05) are more likely to know about myocardial infarction (golden time) than those who are not. Conclusions: The majority of people in the awareness group realize that taking myocardial infarction patients to the hospital would be the best course of action. The unawareness of the ideal treatment window for myocardial infarction may cause a delay in seeking medical attention, which can lead to an increase in mortality and morbidity.