The aim of the present work was to evaluate counts and functional properties of PD-1+ and TIM-3+ T cells in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) of multiple myeloma (MM) patients following the induction therapy. Sixty patients were enrolled in the study, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing PD-1 and TIM-3, intracellular production of IFNγ and intracellular expression of Granzyme B were assessed. Relative counts of the majority of circulating PD-1+, TIM-3+ and PD-1+TIM-3+ T cells were higher in MM patients with disease progression compared with individuals in remission. Frequencies of almost all evaluated PD-1+ and TIM-3+ T cell subsets were higher in BM samples compared with PB; circulating CD4+PD-1+, CD8+PD-1+, CD8+TIM-3+, CD8+PD-1+TIM-3+ T cells positively correlated with the same BM subsets. Circulating CD4+ T cells, expressing PD-1 and TIM-3 (including co-expressing subset), as well as CD8+PD-1+TIM-3+ T cells, and BM CD8+PD-1+ T cells correlated with serum B2-M levels. Sufficient frequencies of GrB+ and IFNγ+ subsets in PD-1-expressing T cells indicated their retained functional properties. TIM-3-expressing T cells and double positive PD-1+TIM-3+ populations showed diminished cytotoxic and cytokine-producing ability and therefore might be attributed to the exhausted compartment. To identify T cell exhaustion, it is necessary to evaluate T cells co-expressing PD-1, TIM-3 and other inhibitory signal molecules and to study their functional properties. Sustained functionality of PD-1-positive T cells may explain low efficacy and frequent immune-mediated adverse events during anti-PD-1 therapy in MM.
Курочкина Ю.Д., Леплина О.Ю., Тихонова М.А., Тыринова Т.В., Баторов Е.В., Сизиков А.Э., Останин А.А., Черных Е.Р. ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной и клинической иммунологии», г. Новосибирск, РоссияРезюме. Интерфероны I типа являются мощными индукторами дифференцировки моноцитов в дендритные клетки (ДК), однако чувствительность таких ДК к толерогенному эффекту глюкокор-тикоидов ранее не исследовалась. Целью работы явилось изучение влияния дексаметазона на со-зревание и функции интерферон-альфа-индуцированных ДК (IFN-ДК) здоровых доноров. ДК генерировали из моноцитов крови, которые культивировали в течение 5 суток с GM-CSF и IFNα в отсутствие и присутствии декасаметазона (10 -6 M), вносимого на 3 сутки. Добавление дексаметазо-на блокировало созревание IFN-ДК, что проявлялось возрастанием доли CD14 + клеток и снижени-ем содержания CD83 + клеток. Дексаметазон не оказывал значимого влияния на экспрессию HLA-DR, CD86 и B7-H1, однако 2-кратно усиливал экспрессию толерогенной молекулы TLR-2. Наряду с подавлением созревания IFN-ДК, дексаметазон ингибировал продукцию ими провоспалитель-ных/Th1-цитокинов (TNFα, IL-1, IL-2, IFNγ, IL-12) и хемокинов (MIP-1α, RANTES). IFN-ДК, ге-нерированные в присутствии дексаметазона, отличались 2-кратным снижением аллостимуляторной активности в смешанной культуре лимфоцитов (СКЛ). При этом способность IFN-ДК стимулиро-вать пролиферативный ответ Т-клеток в алло-СКЛ прямо коррелирует с экспрессией на ДК моле-кулы CD83 и обратно -с экспрессией СD14 и TLR-2. Оценка Th1-/Th2-поляризующей активности IFN-ДК показала, что дексаметазон оказывал выраженное ингибирующее влияние на способность ДК стимулировать Т-клетки к продукции IFNγ, тогда как супрессорный эффект на способность ДК стимулировать продукцию IL-6 был менее выраженным, что свидетельствует о доминировании Th2-поляризующей активности IFN-ДК под влиянием дексаметазона. В целом показано, что IFN-ДК чувствительны к толерогенному действию дексаметазона и, следовательно, могут опосредовать им-муномодулирующий эффект глюкокортикоидной терапии, а также рассматриваться в качестве но-вых кандидатов для разработки толерогенных лечебных ДК-вакцин при аутоиммунной патологии.
We investigated dynamics of CD4+FOXP3+ T cell recovery following the high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients.Circulating CD4+FOXP3+ T cells of 79 MM patients were evaluated using flow cytometry before HDC with auto-HSCT, at the day of engraftment, and following 6 and 12 months.Percentage of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells restored rapidly following auto-HSCT, became higher than pre-transplant level at the day of engraftment and then subsequently decreased for a year. CD4+FOXP3+ T cells at the time of engraftment were increased in patients with the relapse or progression of MM during 12 months following auto-HSCT (n=10) compared to non-relapsed patients (n=50): 6.7% (5.3—8.9%) vs 4.9% (2.8—6.6%); PU = 0.026. Area under the curve was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.570—0.878; р=0.026). Circulating CD4+FOXP3+ T cell count was not associated with the percentage of myeloma plasma cells in a bone marrow but depended on its amount in autografts.ConclusionsRelative count of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells restored rapidly following auto-HSCT (at the day of engraftment), became higher than pre-transplant level and then subsequently decreased for a year. Their excess at the time of engraftment is associated with early relapse.
The immunosuppressive properties of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) suggest a new role of angiogenic factors in T cell modulation in cancer and pregnancy. Most of VEGF effects on T cells are mediated through the VEGF receptor type 2 (VEGFR‐2). This study aims to investigate the role of placental growth factor (PlGF) as a selective VEGFR‐1 ligand in the modulation of human T cells functions. For this, PBMCs from healthy donors were stimulated with anti‐CD3 mAbs (a‐CD3) or Concanavalin A (ConA) in the absence or presence of PlGF and assessed for T cell proliferation, IL‐10 production, programmed cell death, and the expression of inhibitory receptors (PD‐1, CTLA‐4, TIM‐3) using radiometric (3H‐thymidine incorporation) and FACS analysis. We showed that most T cells in freshly isolated PBMCs lacked VEGFR‐1. However, activation with a‐CD3 or ConA strongly increased the percentages of VEGFR‐1 expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. PlGF in a wide dose range suppressed PBMC cell proliferation, inhibiting both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Blockade of VEGFR‐1, but not VEGFR‐2 with neutralizing Abs completely abolished the suppressive effect of PlGF. Furthermore, we found that treatment with PlGF up‐regulated IL‐10 production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, promoted CD8+ T cells apoptosis and enhanced the expression of inhibitory receptors (PD‐1 and TIM‐3) on activated T cells. Our in vitro findings suggest the involvement of PlGF/VEGFR‐1 signaling in the modulation of T cell responses in a‐CD3‐stimulated PBMCs.
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