The article considers the first transdermal contraceptive patch developed in the 1980s and adapted for use in 2002. The transdermal contraceptive drug contains the progestin norelgestromin and the estrogen ethinyl estradiol. The contraceptive patch is a thin laminated matrix-like system consisting of 4 layers: an outer protective layer of polyester, a layer with drug substances, a permeable membrane and a clear polyester release liner that is removed before patch application. The patch is applied once a week for 3 consecutive weeks (21 days), followed by 1 patch-free week per cycle. Comparative clinical studies have shown that the efficacy and safety of the contraceptive system is comparable to those of combined oral contraceptives, mild to moderate local reactions are uncommon. The overall satisfaction with the transdermal system was 88%, most patients note the convenience and ease of use of the patch, the absence of the need for daily monitoring. The advantage of the transdermal system is that it is free from shortcomings of the oral dosage form: the use of Evra patch has no first-pass effect which occurs when the drug enters the liver and the active substances are not metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract, which increases their bioavailability. The increased sweating during physical activities, as well as humid and hot climate conditions do not affect the patch adhesion. Thus, the transdermal patch is free from the shortcomings that may occur while taking combined oral contraceptives, and is comparable to them in terms of cycle control efficacy, safety and side effects. The transdermal system compliance is high due to the ease of its use.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia, first established during pregnancy, while the concentration of venous plasma glucose should not exceed 6.9 mmol/l. As a rule, after childbirth, the disease regresses, but it does not pass without a trace for either the mother or the child. The consequences of gestational diabetes include an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in the mother and type 2 diabetes, as well as diabetic fetopathy of the fetus and complications during pregnancy and childbirth: the threat of termination of pregnancy, premature birth, preeclampsia, polyhydramnios, high frequency of operative delivery and birth trauma. There is also a long-term risk of developing obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in a child. Gestational diabetes affects approximately 16.5% of pregnant women worldwide, an increase in the incidence is predicted due to an increase in the percentage of obese women. Gestational diabetes mellitus is a complication of gestation that is not easily diagnosed and poorly predicted, and therefore potentially threatening to any pregnancy, requiring, given the list of perinatal and long – term consequences for mother and child, pre-gravidar prevention, thorough diagnosis and mandatory treatment with permanent control of glycemia levels, ketonuria and instrumental monitoring: cardiotcography and ultrasound. A competent approach to pregnancy planning, the implementation of a screening program for GDM and timely correction in case of its detection is the key to the health of a woman and her unborn child.
Актуальность поиска новых патогенетических механизмов формирования неразвивающейся беременности обусловлена высокой частотой встречаемости заболевания и отсутствием тенденции к снижению, несмотря на проводимые современные реабилитационные мероприятия.Цель исследования: обосновать подходы к реабилитационной терапии пациенток, перенесших неразвивающуюся беременность, на основании полученных данных о количественном и качественном составе макрофагов в их децидуальной ткани.Материал и методы. Исследовали децидуальную ткань пациенток с неразвивающейся беременностью и пациенток, прервавших беременность по собственному желанию. Макрофаги определяли при помощи мышиных моноклональных антител (Anti-CD68 antibody [KP1], #ab955, разведение 1:200) и кроличьих моноклональных антител (Anti-CD163 antibody [EPR19518], #ab182422, разведение 1:500) с использованием методики множественного иммуномаркирования.Результаты. При неразвивающейся беременности количество макрофагов возрастает двукратно по сравнению с физиологически протекающей гестацией. Изменяется соотношение макрофагов М1 и М2 в сторону возрастания числа первых. Максимальное количество CD68+ клеток, а также макрофагов с одновременной экспрессией факторов дифференцировки CD68 и CD163 определяется при неразвивающейся беременности, сопровождающейся явлениями децидуита.Заключение. Децидуальные макрофаги участвуют в патогенезе неразвивающейся беременности за счет увеличения их числа и изменения вектора поляризации по классическому пути активации, характеризующегося активной выработкой клетками провоспалительных цитокинов и цитотоксических молекул, участием в реализации Т-хелперных иммунных реакций 1 типа. Патогенетически обосновано назначение препаратов, способных репрограммировать макрофагальный ответ, у пациенток перенесших неразвивающуюся беременность, в составе комплексной реабилитационной терапии. Ключевые слова: неразвивающаяся беременность, децидуальные макрофаги, децидуит. Assessment of Decidual Macrophages Population in Patients with Non-Developing PregnancyThe relevance of the search for new pathogenetic mechanisms of non-developing pregnancy is due to the high incidence of the disease and the lack of a downward trend, despite the current reabilitation measures.The purpose of the study: to substantiate approaches оf rehabilitation therapy patients with nondeveloping pregnancy, based on the data on the quantitative and qualitative composition of macrophages in their decidual tissue.Material and methods. The decidual tissue of patients with non-developing pregnancy and patients who terminated pregnancy at their own will was studied. Macrophages were determined using mouse monoclonal antibodies (Anti-CD68 antibody [KP1], #ab955, dilution 1:200) and rabbit monoclonal antibodies (Anti-CD163 antibody [EPR19518], #ab182422, dilution 1:500) using multiple immunomarkation technique.Results. In missed miscarriage, the number of macrophages is increased twice as compared with physiological course of gestation. Changes in the ratio of macrophages M1 and M2 in the direction of inc...
Voronezh state medical university, russiaОпределение роли иммунных нарушений в патогенезе НГЭ приобретает особое значение. Од-нако данные, полученные различными исследователями, достаточно противоречивы, особенно при изучении системного иммунитета. Ключевые слова: генитальный эндометриоз, иммунология, фагоцитарная активность, перифе-рическая кровьDefining the role of immune disorders in the pathogenesis of EGE has the particular importance. However, the data obtained by different researchers is contradictory, especially in the study of systemic immunity. Согласно современным взглядам, наружный генитальный эндометриоз (НГЭ) является си-стемным заболеванием, при котором развива-ются полиорганные нарушения и синдром вза-имного отягощения [1,2]. Лечение пациенток с НГЭ вызывает большие трудности, поскольку терапия заключается не только в хирургическом удалении эндометриоидных гетеротопий и гор-мональной супрессии клинически активного Э, но и в купировании таких осложнений, как хро-ническая тазовая боль (ХТБ), альгодисменорея,
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