Severe convective windstorms and tornadoes regularly hit the territory of Russia causing substantial damage and fatalities. An analysis of the climatology and formation environments of these events is essential for risk assessments, forecast improvements and identifying of links with the observed climate change. In this paper, we present an analysis of severe convective windstorms, i.e., squalls and tornadoes reported between 1984 and 2020 in the Perm region (northeast of European Russia), where a local maximum in the frequency of such events was previously found. The analysed database consists of 165 events and includes 100 squalls (convective windstorms), 59 tornadoes, and six cases with both tornadoes and squalls. We used various information to compile the database including weather station reports, damage surveys, media reports, previously presented databases, and satellite images for windthrow. We found that the satellite images of damaged forests are the main data source on tornadoes, but their role is substantially lower for windstorm events due to the larger spatial and temporal scale of such events. Synoptic-scale environments and associated values of convective indices were determined for each event with a known date and time. Similarities and differences for the formation conditions of tornadoes and windstorms were revealed. Both squalls and tornadoes occur mostly on rapidly moving cold fronts or on waving quasi-stationary fronts, associated with low-pressure systems. Analyses of 72-h air parcel backward trajectories shows that the Caspian and Aral Seas are important sources of near-surface moisture for the formation of both squalls and tornadoes. Most of these events are formed within high CAPE and high shear environments, but tornadic storms are generally characterised by a higher wind shear and helicity. We also differentiated convective storms that caused forest damage and those did not. We found the composite parameter WMAXSHEAR is the best discriminator between these two groups. In general, storm events causing windthrow mainly occur under conditions more favourable for deep well-organised convection. Thus, forest damage can be considered as an indicator of the storm severity in the Perm region and in adjacent regions with forest-covered area exceeding 50%.

The type and nature of precipitation in the catchment area of the Votkinsk reservoir are considered with taking into account its hydrological zoning. Intra-annual frequency, duration and intensity of precipitation are shown. It is determined that 321 days are observed with precipitation per year on average. Daily amount does not exceed 1 mm. In the catchment area, widespread and rain precipitations are observed with a frequency of 51 and 53% respectively. The daily duration of precipitation depending on its type was obtained, which equals 4–6 h for rain and mixed precipitations and 8–10 h for solid precipitation. High precipitation intensity is observed in the northern part of the catchment area, where the terrain contributes to the development of cloudiness and an increase in precipitation intensity.

This article is devoted to ice rains in the Urals. The occurrence of events in the cold period of 2019-2020 is considered. The diurnal course of an event is revealed, and the frequency of the accompanying ice is established. The physical and synoptic conditions of ice rain are studied. A comparison of the state of the atmosphere during a period of ice rain, freezing precipitation and in the absence of phenomena is carried out. Radar data of ice rain events which cause heavy ice and significant material damage are presented. It has been found that the ice rains in the Middle Urals are formed under the influence of a warm front and in the warm sector of a cyclone. This event is mainly recorded during the daytime. The duration of the event is 31 minutes on average. The prevailing air temperature near the earth’s surface is -2.3 °C on average.