Trachea is one of the most difficult organs for transplantation because of its segmental blood supply is provided by vessels which are too small for microvascular anastomosis. An effective vascular supply and, respectively, microcirculation is fundamental for successful transplantation of this organ. The possibility of using bioprosthesis for tracheal replacement is under investigation. Only few groups of researchers over the world have developed their own techniques of tracheal transplantation, but at present time the problem is not resolved. This review describes past and current researches in the field of tracheal transplantation and reconstruction.