Courtship is an elaborate behavior that conveys information about the identity of animal species and suitability of individual males as mates. In Drosophila, there is extensive evidence that females are capable of evaluating and comparing male courtships, and accepting or rejecting males as mates. These relatively simple responses minimize random sexual encounters involving subpar conspecific males and heterospecific males, and over generations can potentially select novel physical and behavioral traits. Despite its evolutionary and behavioral significance, little is still known about the genes involved in mating choice and how choices for novel males and females arise during evolution. D. simulans and D. sechellia are two recently diverged species of Drosophila in which females have a preference for conspecific males. Here we analyzed a total of 1,748 F2 hybrid females between these two species and found a small number of dominant genes controlling the preference for D. simulans males. We also mapped two redundant X-linked loci of mating choice, Macho-XA and Macho-XB, and show that neither one is required for female attractiveness. Together, our results reveal part of the genetic architecture that allows D. simulans females to recognize, mate and successfully generate progenies with D. simulans males.

SummaryObjective: To develop a practical approach for implementing clinical decision support (CDS) for medication black box warnings (BBWs) into health information systems (HIS). Methods:We reviewed all existing medication BBWs and organized them into a taxonomy that identifies opportunities and challenges for implementing CDS for BBWs into HIS. Results: Of the over 400 BBWs that currently exist, they can be organized into 4 categories with 9 sub-categories based on the types of information contained in the BBWs, who should be notified, and potential actions to that could be taken by the person receiving the BBW. Informatics oriented categories and sub-categories of BBWs include -interactions (13%) (drug-drug (4%) and drug-diagnosis (9%)), testing (21%) (baseline (9%) and on-going (12%)), notifications (29%) (drug prescribers (7%), drug dispensers (2%), drug administrators (9%), patients (10%), and third parties (1%)), and non-actionable (37%). This categorization helps identify BBWs for which CDS can be easily implemented into HIS today (such as drug-drug interaction BBWs), those that cannot be easily implemented into HIS today (such as non-actionable BBWs), and those where advanced and/ or integrated HIS need to be in place to implement CDS for BBWs (such a drug dispensers BBWs). Conclusions: HIS have the potential to improve patient safety by implementing CDS for BBWs. A key to building CDS for BBWs into HIS is developing a taxonomy to serve as an organizing roadmap for implementation. The informatics oriented BBWs taxonomy presented here identified types of BBWs in which CDS can be implemented easily into HIS currently (a minority of the BBWs) and those types of BBWs where CDS cannot be easily implemented today (a majority of BBWs). Research Article 125Applied Clinical Informatics BackgroundBlack box warnings (BBWs) are the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) strongest warning for medicines that carry risk of special problems, especially death or serious injury [1]. Currently, BBWs exist for more than 400 prescription medications [2] (ǠTable 1). Medications with BBWs are regularly prescribed, but BBW recommendations are not routinely followed. Of the 40% of patients who receive BBW medications, up to 40-50% do not get the recommended laboratory testing recommended in the BBW [3][4]. BBWs for possible medication interactions were not followed 36% of the time [5]. Estimates of the number of patients with a contraindicated diagnosis who received drugs despite a BBW range from 1-25% [5][6]. Studies of risk communication for cisapride showed that labeling changes, including BBWs, failed to change prescribing behavior [7][8].Informatics clinical decision support (CDS) tools can be deployed in health information systems (HIS) to improve compliance with other types of best practice recommendations, when implemented thoughtfully [9][10][11]. To date, no systematic approach for effective CDS for all types of BBWs within HIS exists. As HIS become more prolific, advanced, and integrated, the ability to incorporate i...

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