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Corresponding author: zsedelye@mtk.nyme.hu abstract an experiment was conducted with 64 tetra sl laying hens (placed into four groups) to determine the amen value of feed grade crude glycerol (dm 92%; glycerol 86.80%; methanol 0.04%; fat 0.49%; ash 4.67%; ge 15.59 mJ/kg). all groups were given a 100 g basal diet per day (amen value 11.46 mJ/kg; protein 16.97%; ca 3.49%; p (non-phytate) 0.56%; lysine 0.82%; methionine 0.40%; cysteine 0.29%; threonine 0.60%; tryptophan 0.19%), which was supplemented with 5%, 7.5% and 10% glycerol for the three experimental groups. hens were placed in metabolism cages (4 hens/treatment in four replicates). after a 10-day adaptation period, excreta was collected and weighed individually for 10 days. the amen value of crude glycerol (86%) was calculated as 15.30 mJ/kg for laying hens. during the experiment, egg production (90.0-90.8%), egg weight (56.8-58.0 g) and egg mass (51.2-52.7 g) were not affected by dietary treatments. feed conversion was significantly reduced by a 10% glycerol supplementation. We concluded that crude glycerol's energy is efficiently used by laying hens, and more efficiently than by broilers. The established 15.30 mJ/kg amen value of crude glycerol when fed in the daily ration to laying hens means that they utilized 97.6% of the glycerol's GE content.

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Objective: Effects of linseed oil (LO) supplementation on the fat content and fatty acid profile of breast meat, and the expression of three genes in the liver, breast muscle and fat tissues of commercial 154-day-old hybrid male turkeys were investigated.Methods: The animals in the control group were fed a commercially available feed and received no LO supplementation (n = 70), whereas animals in the LO group (n = 70) were fed the same basic diet supplemented with LO (day 15 to 21, 0.5%; day 22 to 112, 1%). The effect of dietary LO supplementation on fatty acid composition of breast muscle was examined by gas chromatography, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (<i>FADS2</i>), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (<i>PPARγ</i>), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (<i>IGF1</i>) genes was analysed by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Results: The LO supplementation affected the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Hepatic <i>FADS2</i> levels were considerably lower (p<0.001), while adipose tissue expression was higher (p<0.05) in the control compared to the LO group. The <i>PPARγ</i> expression was lower (p<0.05), whereas <i>IGF1</i> was higher (p<0.05) in the fat of control animals. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in <i>FADS2</i>, <i>PPARγ</i>, and <i>IGF1</i> gene expressions of breast muscle; however, omega-6/omega-3 ratio of breast muscle substantially decreased (p<0.001) in the LO group compared to control.Conclusion: Fatty acid composition of breast meat was positively influenced by LO supplementation without deterioration of fattening parameters. Remarkably, increased <i>FADS2</i> expression in the liver of LO supplemented animals was associated with a significantly decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio, providing a potentially healthier meat product for human consumption. Increased <i>PPARγ</i> expression in fat tissue of the LO group was not associated with fat content of muscle, whereas a decreased <i>IGF1</i> expression in fat tissue was associated with a trend of decreasing fat content in muscle of the experimental LO group.