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The effect of glycan adlayers on the electrochemical response of glassy carbon electrodes was studied using standard redox probes and complex aqueous matrices. Aryldiazonium cations of aryl-lactoside precursors were used to modify glassy carbon via spontaneous and electrochemically assisted covalent grafting. Contact angle and fluorescence binding using Peanut Agglutinin (PNA) as a diagnostic lectin indicate that electrografting results in adlayers with greater glycan surface density than those obtained via spontaneous reaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with a fluorinated analog confirmed that electrografting results in multilayers of cross-linked aryl-lactosides. Adsorption studies with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) show that aryl-lactoside adlayers minimize unspecific protein adsorption. However, no significant differences were detected between spontaneous and electrografted layers in their ability to resist protein fouling despite their differences in coverage. Voltammetry studies show that spontaneous grafting has minimal effects on the response of standard redox probes in solution, whereas electrografting results in additional charge transfer impedance arising from increased electrode passivation. Bare and lactoside-modified carbon electrodes were tested for the detection of caffeine before and after prolonged exposure to coffee solutions. Spontaneous grafting was found to result in optimal properties by imparting antifouling performance in these complex matrices while preserving fast interfacial charge transfer.

Five isostructural 2D metal−organic frameworks (MOFs), based on a photoactive Cu I metallolinker and mixed mono-/dinuclear secondary building units (SBUs), are reported. The MOFs 1(M) (M = Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, and Cd) exhibit broad absorption across the visible-light spectrum and emission centered at ca. 730 nm. Upon photoexcitation, the rigidity of the framework hinders the pseudo-Jahn−Teller distortion of the metallolinker's excited state, providing efficient intersystem crossing into the triplet state. Rapid luminescence quenching in 1(Cu) and 1(Co) suggests photoinduced electron transfer (PET) to the SBUs, whereas lifetimes of up to 22.2 ns are observed in 1(Zn). The quantum yields relative to the parent photosensitizer (PS) decrease for metal nodes containing transition metal ions with partially occupied d-orbitals but increase for the d 10 systems Cd II and Zn II by a factor of up to 6. Importantly, the excited state decay rates directly correlate with the occupancy of the [M II (OH 2 )] x moieties in the MOFs providing nonradiative decay pathways via O−H oscillators. Cyclovoltammetry reveals minor changes in Cu I/II oxidation potential, with excited-state reduction potentials for 1(M) rivalling Ru analogues. These results establish bis(diimine)copper(I) photosensitizers as viable metallolinkers for MOFs and present a rare example of an isostructural series obtained from a photosensitive metallolinker.