The purpose of this study was to develop the Caring Behaviors Inventory for Elders (CBI-E) and to establish its psychometric characteristics further. The 28-item CBI-E was framed by Watson’s theory of human caring. Aconvenience sample (N = 215) of elders and their caregivers (N = 138) completed the instrument. Psychometric analysis included item analysis, test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, contrasted groups construct validity, and factorial validity, using principal components analysis with varimax rotation. Preliminary construct validity was established. Five dimensions of the CBI-E were identified: attending to individual needs, showing respect, practicing knowledgeably and skillfully, respecting autonomy, and supporting religious/spiritual beliefs. Additional testing is warranted.

Social bullying has gained attention in the contemporary literature and increasing scrutiny in nursing academia. With a paucity of research on the topic in nursing, the authors asked nursing faculty about the phenomenon of being bullied by faculty colleagues or academic administrators. They discuss their study and its outcomes and implications for academic work lives, recruitment, and retention.

As members of the nursing profession age, they must begin planning for their retirement years. Social gerontological theory advocates a high level of activity during senior years. Additionally, individuals must continue lifelong activities as they age and remain engaged socially and professionally. High activity of a continuous nature has been correlated with positive life satisfaction in older adults.

No abstract