Background: As a result of the low immunosuppressive condition of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), they are at greater risk of Campylobacter infections but the use of antibiotics tends to reduce incidence. However, though this has reduced the incidence of the infection, there is likely development of antibiotic resistance with them thereby becoming asymptomatic carriers of drug resistant Campylobacter species. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the faecal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter species isolated from HIV patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: One Hundred stool samples were collected from HIV patients attending two Antiretroviral Clinics in Ibadan between February and March, 2017. Campylobacter species were isolated and identified using standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolates to amikacin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefixime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, cephalothin, nalidixic acid and ertapenem was done using disk diffusion method.  Results: The prevalence of Campylobacter species in the stool samples of the HIV/AIDS patients was 68%. A total of one hundred and twenty isolates were identified as C. upsaliensis 32(26.7%), C. jejuni 30(25%), C. lari 23(19.2%), C. coli 20(16.7%), and C. fetus 15(12.5%). The antibiotics susceptibility pattern of these isolates showed that 97(80.8%), 88(73.3%), 82(68.3%), 9(7.5%), 9(7.5%) and 12 (10.8%) were resistant to gentamycin, chloramphenicol, cefixime, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and ertapenem respectively. Moreover, 102 (85.0%) of the isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. Conclusions: The faecal carriage and high prevalence of antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter strains among the HIV/AIDS patients therefore present them as asymptomatic carrier and reservoir for dissemination of the bacteria.

Decolourization, degradation and detoxification of four textile dyes (Madonna Blue, Pagoda Red, Market Blue and Market Red) by four Aspergillus species was carried out. The decolourization/degradation ability of the isolates was analyzed on the fifth day using UV/Visible spectrophotometer and FTIR spectrophotometer, while detoxification of the dyes was determined using phytotoxicity test. At the initial concentration of 200 mg/L of the dyes, the percentage decolourization potential of the fungal isolates ranged between 80.89 and 86.26% for Madonna Blue, 71.38-84.76% for Market Red, 70.46-79.46% for Market Blue and 60.68-74.82% for Pagoda Red in decreasing order. Aspergillus fumigatus (8F) demonstrated consistently highest decolourization potential for all the dyes than other isolates. Decrease in percentage decolourization of the dyes was observed when the concentration of the dyes was increased gradually from 100 to 500 mg/L at 100 mg/L interval. Percentage decolourization of Pagoda Red reduced from 60.68 to 10.31%, 66.47 to 19.71%, and 74.82 to 26.19% with A. ustus (3D), A. fumigatus (3E) and A. fumigatus (8F) respectively. Degradation of the dyes moiety using FTIR spectrum showed loss of functional groups such as C=O, C=N, C=C and C-H stretch of benzene, with the formation of new functional groups such as N=O group, C:C group and OH group of alcohol in the Madonna Blue and Pagoda Red samples treated with A. fumigatus (8F) when compared with untreated samples. Phytotoxicity study of the treated and untreated dye samples on maize germination showed the plumule and radicle length of positive control (water) to be 12.38 ± 1.20 and 5.62 ± 0.33 while untreated Madonna Blue was 6.68 ± 1.10 and 3.34 ± 0.92, A. fumigatus (3E) treated sample had 8.60 ± 0.59 and 4.32 ± 0.91 respectively. This study revealed the metabolic versatility of Aspergillus species to decolourize, degrade and detoxify textile dyes.

Background and Objectives: Abuse and indiscriminate use of antibiotics, prolong hospital admission, travel history, organ transplants, immunocompromised conditions and age are parts of the factors that contribute to development of antibiotic resistance and intestinal carriage of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria affect the course and outcome of an infection and continue to pose a challenge to infection management worldwide. This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from stool samples of HIV and AIDS patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: One hundred stool samples were collected from consenting HIV and AIDS patients accessing care in Antiretroviral (ARV) Clinic in a secondary and a tertiary health care facility in Ibadan, Nigeria. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified using conventional methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing isolates was carried out using Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). Results: A total of 240 Gram-negative bacteria were isolated comprising 100 (41.6%) Escherichia coli, 33(13.8%) Klebsiella pneumonia, 27(11.3%) Serratia marcescens, 20(8.3%) Salmonella enterica, 9(3.8%) Proteus vulgaris, 13(5.4%) Proteus mirabilis, 21(8.8%) Citrobacter freundii and 17(7.1%) Enterobacter aerogenes. Out these, 56 (23.3%) were ESBL-producers; comprising 23(41.0%) Escherichia coli, 9(16.0%) Klebsiella pneumonia, 6(10.7%) Serratia marcescens, 5(8.9%) Salmonella enterica, 3(5.3%) Proteus vulgaris, 5(8.9%) Proteus mirabilis, 2(3.6%) Citrobacter freundii and 3(5.4%) Enterobacter aerogenes. Among the ESBL producers, 45 (80.3%) and 38 (67.8%) showed resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and aztreonam while 3 (3.5%) showed resistance to ertapenem. Also, 96.4% (54/56) of the ESBL producers were multidrug resistant. Conclusion: This study showed that HIV and AIDS patients are reservoirs of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae through faecal carriage, presenting them as likely source of dissemination of ESBL producer in community and hospital settings.