Effects of aqueous ethanolic fruit extract of Picralima nitida (EFEPN) on

Retention of placenta is one of the most common postpartum conditions in farm animals associated with infertility when not treated promptly and adequately. In this report, three different cases of placenta retention recently handled at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria are described. In the first case, the cow had a normal calving but the placenta was not expelled about 20 hours after calving. This was treated successfully with oxytocin after oestrogen priming of the uterus. The placenta was expelled 6 hours after the oxytocin injection. The second cow had a dystocia with the foetal head stuck and hanging out of vulva for over 12 hours before veterinary consultation. Episiotomy was done to deliver the dead calf and was associated with placenta retention. The case was successfully treated by applying gentle traction on the little stump of the placenta hanging out of the vulva. The third case was observed in a cattle market in which parturition was induced by stress of transporting the cow over a long distance. A pendulous weight was hung on the little placenta stump hanging from the vulva. On the following morning, treatment could not be continued as the cow had been sold off. Conditions capable of causing stress should be avoided in pregnant animal. In conclusion, this report has shown that retention of placenta is a frequent clinical phenomenon in cattle and can be successfully treated with gentle traction and oxytocin administration.

Aims: This study investigated the effect of the aqueous methanolic extract of unripe Carica papaya (AMEUCP) on uterine contractility and its possible mechanism(s) of action.

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In a study to compare the durability of commonly used stains (Giemsa, Leishman, Wright, Eosin, Nigrosin and Gentian violet) for exfoliative vaginal cytology, vaginal smear was obtained from eleven apparently healthy West African Dwarf (WAD) female Goats and processed according to standard technique. Scores (0-3) were given on four parameters namely background of smears, overall staining pattern, cytoplasmic staining and nuclear staining. Quality index one (QI-I) was calculated from the ratio of score achieved to the maximum score possible (12), immediately post staining while quality index–II (QI-II) was obtained 35 days after. Calculation for durability index (DI) was self-derived and equalled to ratio of QI-II to QI-I. The data were presented as mean ± SEM. Multinomial logistic regression model was generated for the QI-I and QI-II using durability index as reference category. Giemsa, Leishman and Wright stains were more durable than others with their mean DI values significantly (P < 0.05) higher than Gentian violet, Nigrosin and Eosin.The model showed 89.2% overall model accuracy for the multinomial logistic regression model and 81.5% for the multinomial Bayes Naïve regression model. In conclusion, Giemsa, Leishman and Wright stains were more reliable and durable for exfoliative vaginal cytology compared to the other stains.