Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between culture and tourism, and the urban redevelopment process in Istanbul. Design/methodology/approach-The paper focuses on the case of Istanbul and reviews the city's goal of being a financial, tourism, culture and innovation center. Findings-The paper first points to the facts and main attractions of tourism as being tangible and intangible, and to the effects of national and local policies on cultural tourism development. In the second part, the review focuses on existing and ongoing projects in order to discuss their strengths and weaknesses, and the role of culture and tourism. Moreover, the paper presents a discussion of the conflicts based on main concepts such as consumption-led, production-led, economic development or quality of life goals, inclusive or exclusive processes, uniqueness or serial reproduction. Originality/value-The findings of the paper contribute to the literature by considering regeneration along with culture and tourism.

Tentative empirical evidence suggests that the agglomeration of talent contributes to regional development. However, given that talented people are not evenly distributed across regions, this paper seeks to determine the role of talent for furthering our understanding of regional disparities in Spain. Here, we empirically evaluate the effects of the distribution of talent on regional differences by means of a detailed analysis of the 17 Autonomous Communities of Spain between 1996 and 2004. The static and non-spatial panel data models are constructed. The unit of analysis is NUTS2. Our findings confirm that the economic performance indicators point to the significant positive impact of talent on regional economic activity. The concentration of talent plays a crucial role in accounting for regional differences. Based on a preliminary analysis of the dispersion in employment and production figures among the Autonomous Communities, the performance of Spain’s outperformers and underperformers is clearly not uniform.

The creative industries, producing high value-added, creating economic dynamism and having opportunities for competitiveness, have been come to the political agendas of countries since the late last century. While the new economic geography has caused new requirements, the universities as institutions for educating labours, are expected to contribute rapidly to the process. But, studies have shown till today, education for creative class is not sufficient to respond the new conditions, are expected. In this study, the reciprocal relation between undergraduate education of creative class and industry, in particular employment practises is analysed. With the current education system, there is a gap between the graduates and needs of the industry, for filling this gap, to establish some links between industry and universities is necessary. At present, the demand for the educated labours for the industry is increasing day by day. The expected benefit by this study is to make clear how coherent the relation between undergraduate education outcomes of creative class, who are such an important for urban development, and industry needs, with respect to the development of creative industries in urban areas. Keywords: Creative Economy, Creative Industries, Creative Class/Capital/Employment, Education, Istanbul.JEL Classification Codes : O18, O43, R11, Z10. ÖzYüksek katma değer üretmeleri, ekonomik dinamizm ve rekabet fırsatları yaratmaları, yaratıcı endüstrileri geçtiğimiz yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren ülkelerin gündemlerine taşımıştır. Yeni ekonomik coğrafya, işgücü yapısında yeni gereklilikleri beraberinde getirmiş, işgücünü yetiştiren kurumlar olarak üniversitelerin de sürece hızla dâhil olması beklenir olmuştur. Ancak, yapılan çalışmalarla yaratıcı işgücü eğitiminin, yeni istihdam koşullarına ve beklentilere karşılık vermede yetersiz olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul'da yaratıcı endüstrilerde eğitim ve istihdamın karşılıklı ilişkisi, eğitim-meslek kuruluşları ile yapılan görüşmeler üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Mevcut eğitim sistemi ile yetişen elemanlar ve endüstrinin ihtiyaç duydukları arasında boşluk olduğu, söz konusu boşluğun doldurulabilmesi için endüstri ve üniversiteler arasında birtakım bağlar kurulması gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hali hazırda, endüstriler için eğitimli işgücüne olan talep her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmek istenen fayda, kentsel alanlar için öneminin bu denli anlaşılmış olduğu yaratıcı endüstri işgücünün, lisans eğitiminden sağladığı çıktılar ile eğitim programlarının endüstri gerekleri ile ne derece uyumlu bir ilişki sürdürdüğünün, kentsel alanlarda yaratıcı endüstrilerin gelişiminin sağlanması çerçevesinde anlaşılabilmesidir.

There are a couple of essential indicators of an innovative city. Besides technological and economic developments, there are qualities such as institutional capacity, strong collaborative dispositions, and an excellent physical and social infrastructure which make a city genuinely innovative and they create a push for the rest of the region and, in some cases, for the entire country. This study aims to measure the innovation level of the cities in Turkey with a multi-variable approach. In total, 27 variables were used for 81 cities of Turkey, with a 0-100 scale. The results showed that 68 cities are below the average value of innovation (1.23%). Overall, most of the cities in Turkey performed poorly in the analysis, and this reveals that using innovation as a means to achieve regional development is yet not fully acknowledged by the public authorities in Turkey.

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