Background: Urinary bladder cancer (BC) is the seventh most common cancer worldwide with the highest incidence rates in Western Europe, North America, and Australia. The most common type of BC is urothelial carcinoma (UC), which represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of CD24, SOX2, and Nanog in UC cases and the correlation with recurrence and survival. Materials and Methods: In this study, the authors investigated the expression of CD24, SOX2, and Nanog in 80 patients with urinary BC. The clinical significance of the markers was evaluated by assessing the correlation with the clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis. Results: The CD24 expression was positive in 62.5% of the BC patients, there was a significant association between CD24 expression and high grade and stage and lymphovascular invasion (LVI), P (0.002, 0.0010, and 0.001). SOX2 was expressed in 60 patients (75%), the expression was significantly associated with age, stage, grade, LVI, lymph node, and smoking, P (0.016, 0.01, <0.001, 0.003, 0.036, and 0.002), respectively. Nanog expression was positive in 60% of the BC patients. There was a significant association between Nanog expression and age, high grade, high stage, and LVI (P=0.016, <0.001, and 0.003), respectively. Conclusions: A significant relation between CD24, SOX2, and Nanog with the invasive potential of UC. This increase in expression of the 3 markers with the grades and stages of UC suggests that they can play a role in the development of UC, so they can be used in targeted therapy in the future.

Background: Though linked with a favorable overall survival rate, the heterogeneity of NMIBC (non-muscle invasive bladder cancer) has an effect on patients' rates of recurrence. The decision making is depended on the established pathological and clinical parameters for each individual. Therefore, to improve clinical outcome, life quality and survival rates of oncological patients, more parameters are needed to support the decision.Objectives: Analysis the prognostic potential of CHEK2, FASN and Her2/neu immunohistochemical expression in fifty cases of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer who underwent TURBT as well as adjuvant intravesical BCG with a focus on prognostication of recurrence as well as progression among NMIBC. Materials and Methods: Our study included fifty cases who had primary papillary superficial (noninvasive) TCC " transitional cell carcinoma"(Stage Ta-T1; with or without CIS of the bladder. Only the tumors containing proper detrusor muscle in biopsy were involved in this study. Between January 2016 and December 2019, the Urology department performed surgical resection. Results: Decrease or loss of CHE2 expression was reported among (56%) of the patients, which was significantly linked with tumor size, smoking, grade, multifocality and concomitant Cis. High FASN expression was demonstrated among (68%) NMIBC cases, expression was significantly linked with tumor size, smoking, grade, multifocality as well concomitant Cis. Positive Her2/neu was found in of (42%) the cases, and the expression was significantly linked with tumor size, smoking, grade, multifocality and concomitant carcinoma in situ. The overall disease-free survival was significantly correlated with low expression of CHEK2 and positive Her2neu. Conclusion: Loss of CHEK2, high FASN and positive Her2/neu in the biopsies of noninvasive ''superficial'' urothelial carcinomas is an independent predictor of tumor progression.

Background: Bone metastatic disease affect a patient’s quality of life. Aim: Evaluating possible stratification factors affecting the efficacy of different schedules of zoledronic acid on SREs. Patients and Methods: A randomized, clinical trial at Zagazig university hospitals. 108 Patients were enrolled to receive zoledronic acid 4 mg (A and B groups=12 and 4 weeks, respectively) for 2 years. Results: Regarding age, tumour type, types of bone metastasis and number of bone metastasis, there was an insignificant difference between both groups. However, 3 monthly regimen of zoledronic acid gave better results in solitary than multiple bone metastases. Regarding pretreatment ECOG, there was an insignificant difference between between both groups. However, 3 monthly regimen of zoledronic acid gave better results in pre-treatment ECOG 1and ECOG 2 than ECOG 3. Conclusion: A 3-monthly regimen of zoledronic acid is more effective in management of solitary or few sites of bone metastasis, osteoblastic bony lesions and patients with good performance status. Recommendations: We recommend a larger sample size and the study should include a homogenous groups of patients so we can judge well on different stratifications factors that can affect efficacy of 3- monthly regimen of zoledronic acid.