One hallmark of innate immunity apparently conserved from primitive life forms through to humans is the ability of the host to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Since macrophage pattern recognition receptors are not well defined in Drosophila, we set out to identify such receptors. Our findings reveal that Drosophila macrophages express multiple pattern recognition receptors and that the Drosophila scavenger receptor, dSR-CI, is one such receptor capable of recognizing both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, but not yeast. Our data indicate that scavenger receptor bacterial recognition is conserved from insects to humans and may represent one of the most primitive forms of microbial recognition.

Marketing is concerned with the satisfaction of customer wants and needs while achieving one's own organizational (or self ) goals. A basic premise behind this orientation is that organizations survive and prosper because they do a better job creating and adding value for their customers than do competitors (Levitt, 1960). Furthermore, the marketing literature recognizes that services (as opposed to tangible products) entail certain unique characteristics that necessitate the employment of a different set of strategies. This article applies the precepts of a market orientation, specifically as they relate to services marketing, in an analysis of management education as a service encounter between the professor and the students. We suggest that this perspective provides a fresh look at how we as management faculty can do a better job creating and adding value for our constituents.We should emphasize at the outset that we are promoting student consumerism (e.g., Delucchi & Smith, 1997) here. In recognizing that students have 484 . We are grateful to the editor and the anonymous reviewer for their encouragement and helpful suggestions.

Hong Kong is often portrayed as a society where conspicuous consumption rules. We wanted to find out whether this peculiar consumer behavior would still be transparent among Hong Kong people who have emigrated to Canada. Through a survey, we tested the subjects' propensity towards conspicuous consumption (as measured by two established scales) and attempted to find relationships between the dependent variables and a person's ethnic identification as well as the strength of the person's ethnic social ties. We failed to find support for the proposition that conspicuous consumption is related to a person's ethnicity. Offers explanations and directions for future research, and also serves as a warning to the marketer that blindly accepting stereotypes could be erroneous in a practical as well as moral sense.

Reports a study of 214 Chinese Canadian consumers across eight product categories. This study shows that intracultural differences in consumer behavior are inadequately explained by the psychological construct of ethnic identification, and that additional explanatory power is achieved when incorporating the ethnic homogeneity of social ties. The results of the study support the proposition that the ethnic homogeneity of strong social ties exerts significant influence over an individual’s consumption of ethnic products, and is a much more robust predictor variable than ethnic identification. Also calls for a more theory‐based measure for the construct ethnic identification.

The functionalist paradigm has informed much of marketing research. In the last several decades, however, there has been increasing debate about the philosophy of science in marketing research. Today, some of the best‐known marketing researchers subscribe to a more interpretive paradigm. But how is this translated into publications in top marketing journals? Attempts to gauge marketing academe’s receptivity of alternative paradigms by surveying a sample of articles published in some of the top journals in the field. From 1970 to 1997, a slight shift towards the interpretive paradigm was found, but these researchers face an uphill battle in terms of acceptance as “mainstream”.