OBJECTIVE:To study aspects of the microclimate in a shantytown (favela), in order to understand the influence of the land occupation pattern on its climatic parameters. METHODS:The study was carried out in a shantytown located in the southwestern region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, between February 19 and July 31, 2003, i.e. covering the whole autumn and parts of the summer and winter. The air temperatures were measured every hour on a microclimate scale, at four points within this densely populated shantytown and, as a control, on a tree-lined street nearby. RESULTS:In the summer, the average hourly temperatures in the shantytown were between 18.5°C and 29.5°C but, away from it, they were 2°C to 3°C lower at the hottest times of the day. In the autumn, the temperatures ranged from 15.5°C to 25.5°C and in the winter, 13.5°C to 25.5°C. The chilliest time in the shantytown was before dawn in the autumn and at 7 a.m. in the winter. The temperature variation was greater inside the shantytown than outside of it. The temperatures were within the comfort range for around 50% of the time. Temperatures below the lower limit (18°C) were more frequent than those above the upper limit (24°C). Temperatures above the upper limit were more frequent in the shantytown than outside of it. CONCLUSIONS:The land occupation is a temperature differentiation factor. In the shantytown, the temperatures were higher during the daytime (by up to 3°C) and lower at nighttime (by 1°C on average). The shantytown environment accentuated the temperature extremes, while the temperatures in the control street were milder.
OBJECTIVE:To analyze the impact of intra-urban atmospheric conditions on circulatory and respiratory diseases in elder adults. METHODS:Cross-sectional study based on data from 33,212 hospital admissions in adults over 60 years in the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, from 2003 to 2007. The association between atmospheric variables from Congonhas airport and bioclimatic index, Physiological Equivalent Temperature, was analyzed according to the district's socioenvironmental profi le. Descriptive statistical analysis and regression models were used. RESULTS:There was an increase in hospital admissions due to circulatory diseases as average and lowest temperatures decreased. The likelihood of being admitted to the hospital increased by 12% with 1 o C decrease in the bioclimatic index and with 1 o C increase in the highest temperatures in the group with lower socioenvironmental conditions. The risk of admission due to respiratory diseases increased with inadequate air quality in districts with higher socioenvironmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS:The associations between morbidity and climate variables and the comfort index varied in different groups and diseases. Lower and higher temperatures increased the risk of hospital admission in the elderly. Districts with lower socioenvironmental conditions showed greater adverse health impacts.
Todos que realizam um trabalho de pesquisa sabem que esse caminho é árduo e não é feito sozinho. Várias pessoas tornaram esse percurso mais leve e possível de ser realizado. Considero-me uma pessoa de muita sorte por ter encontrado pessoas tão especiais na minha trajetória. À Profa. Helena Ribeiro, minha orientadora, que, com sua sabedoria e serenidade ensina e permite que você caminhe com suas próprias escolhas. Aos professores do Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, em especial, a Profa. Adelaide Nardocci com quem pude dividir algumas angústias e cujos comentários contribuíram para acender algumas luzes. Aos funcionários da faculdade de Saúde Pública pela atenção e apoio, tenho muito a agradecer à Viviane, Renilda, Vânia e aos funcionários do departamento de Saúde Ambiental. À Profa. Roseli de Deus Lopes, diretora da Estação Ciência e ao Prof. Mikia Muramastu Vice-Diretor da Estação que permitiram que eu pudesse concluir a jornada. À Profa. Paula Santanapor ter me acolhido em seu Gabinete, no além mar, na realização do estágio sanduiche.
A dengue tem se constituído como uma epidemia no final do século XX e início do XXI, cujo aumento de casos está associado a aspectos socioambientais. A complexidade da doença se intensifica na globalização, com os fluxos populacionais e a densidade populacional. A escola se destaca como espaço de educação formal e de prevenção da dengue no qual as práticas educativas podem ser continuadas e contextualizadas com os problemas locais. O objetivo do artigo é refletir sobre o ensino do tema dengue na educação básica e apresentar uma proposta interdisciplinar e/ou transversal de ensino da temática com enfoque da Geografia da Saúde. Utilizou-se a metodologia da Sequência Didática proposta por Zabala (1998). Na proposta apresentada para o ensino de geografia os conteúdos previstos nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais de Geografia do Ensino Fundamental e Médio (BRASIL, 1998), a temática da dengue pode ser contemplada, nos tópicos: fluxos populacionais, as alterações climáticas no meio urbano, a desigualdade social, urbanização e degradação ambiental. Destaca-se a necessidade de incluir esse assunto no planejamento pedagógico das escolas e a importância da elaboração de mais pesquisas que considerem o ensino da doença não somente na disciplina de geografia, mas também na integração com as demais áreas do conhecimento.
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