Serotonin and dopamine are associated with multiple psychiatric disorders. How they interact during development to affect subsequent behavior remains unknown. Knockout of the serotonin transporter or postnatal blockade with selective-serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) leads to novelty-induced exploration deficits in adulthood, potentially involving the dopamine system. Here we show in the mouse that raphe nucleus serotonin neurons activate ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons via glutamate co-transmission and that this co-transmission is reduced in animals exposed postnatally to SSRIs. Blocking serotonin neuron glutamate co-transmission mimics this SSRI-induced hypolocomotion, while optogenetic activation of dopamine neurons reverses this hypolocomotor phenotype. Our data demonstrate that serotonin neurons modulate dopamine neuron activity via glutamate co-transmission and that this pathway is developmentally malleable, with high serotonin levels during early life reducing co-transmission, revealing the basis for the reduced novelty-induced exploration in adulthood due to postnatal SSRI exposure.

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The objective of this study was to verify in the literature, through a systematic review, the dietary conditions of the elderly in long-stay institutions, seeking to observe the general care and agents that potentiate dysphagia, in order to review aspects of dysphagia and deglutition risk indicators in the elderly. A survey, regarding the articles published from 2009 on, with the descriptors "elderly, long-stay institution and dysphagia", in Portuguese and English, on Scielo, PubMed and Lilacs, was performed, totaling 423 articles in the initial search, from which, 13 that were in agreement with the inclusion criteria adopted were chosen, 2 being repeated in more than one research source. At the end, 11 articles were included for analysis and discussion. It was observed that most the long-stay institutions do not have adequate structure to treat the elderly in a multidisciplinary approach. In all those studies, the negligence with the elderly's oral hygiene, which potentiates the development of pulmonary infections in cases of aspiration, was evidenced. The association between dementia, food dependency and increase in feeding time was also observed in the literature, as well as the association of medication use with the interference in food dynamics. In addition, many studies have shown that, although the Stomatognathic System structures are altered due to the aging process, the elderly have the functions of speech, chewing and swallowing adapted, without greater damage to their general health. It can be concluded that long-stay institutions do not offer adequate staff to care for the elderly to reduce the risks for dysphagia.

Cerebral palsy (CP) encompasses a group of definitive and non-progressive conditions, with a non-progressive character and its installation in neonatal period. Motor disorders caused by CP may lead to changes in swallowing, resulting in limitations in the activities that are attributed to non-progressive disorders that do not reach the developing child's brain. This article reviews the clinical aspects of dysphagia in CP and the treatments in the area. Only papers published in the period from 2009 to 2017 were considered, using a methodological strategy for electronic search in the databases SciELO-Brazil, Lilacs and Medline/ Pubmed. The present research analyzed 24 articles, regarding the year of publication, sample and instruments used, verifying that Speech Therapists and other staff involved in the improvement and rehabilitation of cognitive functions have provided better rehabilitation conditions, despite the need for more therapy and diagnostic studies. Keywords: Cerebral Palsy; Swallowing Disorders; Risk Factors RESUMO A paralisia cerebral engloba um grupo de afecções definitivas e não progressivas no sistema nervoso central sem caráter progressivo e de instalação no período neonatal. Os distúrbios motores ocasionados pela paralisia cerebral podem acarretar alterações na deglutição ocasionando limitações de atividade que são atribuídas a distúrbios não progressivos que ocorrem no cérebro infantil em desenvolvimento. Esse artigo revisa os aspectos clínicos da disfagia na paralisia cerebral e as terapêuticas existentes na área. Foram considerados apenas os trabalhos publicados no período de 2009 a 2017, e utilizou-se como estratégia metodológica uma busca eletrônica nas bases de dados: SciELO-Brasil, Lilacs e Medline/ Pubmed. A presente pesquisa analisou 24 artigos, resumidamente, quanto ao ano de publicação, amostra e instrumentos utilizados, constatando que o Fonoaudiólogo e os demais profissionais envolvidos no aperfeiçoamento e reabilitação das funções cognitivas têm criado melhores condições de reabilitação, apesar da necessidade de mais estudos nas áreas de terapia e diagnóstico.

Com a pandemia da COVID-19 a Organização Mundial da Saúde declarou estado de emergência de saúde pública. O isolamento tem transformado as relações sociais de crianças e adolescentes com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo. Este estudo objetivou analisar os efeitos do isolamento no comportamento desses sujeitos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de caráter transversal, no qual pais ou responsáveis responderam um questionário online. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que o confinamento acentuou os sintomas do autismo. Conclui-se que são necessárias medidas de intervenções com os sujeitos e suas famílias.