A new composite chitosan biosorbent was prepared by coating chitosan, a glucosamine biopolymer, onto ceramic alumina. The composite bioadsorbent was characterized by high-temperature pyrolysis, porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Batch isothermal equilibrium and continuous column adsorption experiments were conducted at 25 degrees C to evaluate the biosorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from synthetic as well as field samples obtained from chrome plating facilities. The effect of pH, sulfate, and chloride ion on adsorption was also investigated. The biosorbent loaded with Cr(VI) was regenerated using 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution. A comparison of the results of the present investigation with those reported in the literature showed that chitosan coated on alumina exhibits greater adsorption capacity for chromium(VI). Further, experimental equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, and values of the parameters of the isotherms are reported. The ultimate capacity obtained from the Langmuir model is 153.85 mg/g chitosan.

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Chitosan-coated perlite beads were prepared in the laboratory via the phase inversion of a liquid slurry of chitosan dissolved in oxalic acid and perlite to an alkaline bath for better exposure of amine groups (NH 2 ). The NH 2 groups in chitosan are considered active sites for the adsorption of heavy metals. The beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis, which revealed their porous nature. The chitosan content of the beads was 32%, as determined using a thermogravimetric method. The adsorption of Cd 2+ from an aqueous solutions on chitosan-coated perlite beads was studied under both equilibrium and dynamic conditions in the concentration range of 100-5000 ppm. The pH of the solution was varied over a range of 2-8. The adsorption of Cd 2+ on chitosan was determined to be pH-dependent, and the maximum adsorption capacity of chitosan-coated perlite beads was determined to be 178.6 mg/g of bead at 298 K when the Cd(II) concentration was 5000 mg/L and the pH of the solution was 6.0. On a chitosan basis, the capacity was 558 mg/g of chitosan. The XPS data suggests that cadmium was mainly adsorbed as Cd 2+ and was attached to the NH 2 group. The adsorption data could be fitted to a two-site Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The data obtained at various temperatures provided a single characteristic curve when correlated according to a modified Polanyi's potential theory. The heat of adsorption data calculated at various loadings suggests that the adsorption was exothermic in nature. It was noted that a 0.1 N solution of HCl could remove the adsorbed cadmium from the beads, but a bed volume of approximately three times the bed volume of treated solution was required to completely remove Cd(II) from the beads. However, one bed volume of 0.5 M ethylenediamine tetra acetate (EDTA) solution can remove all of the adsorbed cadmium after the bed became saturated with Cd(II) during dynamic study with a solution containing 100 mg/L of cadmium. The diffusion coefficient of Cd(II) onto chitosan-coated beads was calculated from the breakthrough curve, using Rosen's model, and was determined to be 8.0 × 10 -13 m 2 /s.

Chitosan-coated perlite beads were prepared by drop-wise addition of a liquid slurry containing chitosan and perlite to an alkaline bath. The beads were characterized by SEM and EDS x-ray microanalysis. The chitosan content of the beads was 23%, as determined by a pyrolysis method. Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions on chitosan-coated perlite beads was studied under both equilibrium and dynamic conditions. The effect of pH on adsorption was also investigated. The data were fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.The adsorption capacity of chitosan-coated perlite was found to be 104 mg/g of adsorbent from a solution containing 5000 ppm of Cr(VI). On the basis of chitosan, the capacity was 452 mg/g of chitosan. The capacity was considerably higher than that of chitosan in its natural and modified forms, which was in the range of 11.3 to 78 mg/g of chitosan. The beads loaded with chromium were regenerated with sodium hydroxide solution of different concentrations. A limited number of adsorption-desorption cycles indicated that the chitosan-coated beads could be regenerated and reused to remove Cr(VI) from waste streams.