Purpose of review The diagnosis and management of combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries have been a controversial topic for several decades. No single approach has proven optimal for treatment and there is no consensus between most specialists. This review seeks to describe and clarify the current state and the future of management. Recent findings Most authors agree on reconstructing of the ACL with non-operative management of the MCL in grade I and II injuries, respectively. However, controversy still exists about the optimal method of treating a combined ACL with higher grade MCL injuries. Summary Management should be customized based on acuity, injury grade, and specific goals for each patient. Future research with clinical outcomes may facilitate creating guidelines to optimize recovery.

In 1987 we conducted a sero-epidemiological survey in the Murcia Region (South-East Spain) to discover the prevalence and spread of PRCV-infection among breeding pigs and farms and determine the association between herd size and geographical zone with PRCV-infection. The Murcia Region was divided into four geographical zones and the farms classified by size in four categories. The random sample was statistically representative of both the breeding stock and farms in each geographical zone. We analysed 6,000 breeding pigs from 480 farms. The immunological techniques employed were indirect ELISA and blocking ELISA. The prevalence (P k IC) of PRCV-seropositive breeding pigs and infected breeding farms was 14.53 f 0.89 YO and 21.87 f 7.83 % respectively. On 55% of the infected farms, the prevalence of seropositive breeding pigs was 60-100%. PRCVinfection appears spread throughout the four geographical zones of the Murcia Region. However, a significant association (p < 0.01) was observed between geographical zone and the prevalence of PRCV-infection. A herd size of > 50 breeding pigs had a greater risk (p < 0.01) of PRCV-infection. ' :. Correspondence to M. J. CUBERO. U.S.