OBJECTIVE:To compare the functional results of carpectomy and four‐corner fusion surgical procedures for treating osteoarthrosis following carpal trauma.METHODS:In this prospective randomized study, 20 patients underwent proximal row carpectomy or four‐corner fusion to treat wrist arthritis and their functional results were compared. The midcarpal joint was free of lesions in all patients.RESULTS:Both proximal row carpectomy and four‐corner fusion reduced the pain. All patients had a decreased range of motion after surgery. The differences between groups were not statistically significant.CONCLUSIONS:Functional results of the two procedures were similar as both reduced pain in patients with scapholunate advanced collapse/scaphoid non‐union advanced collapse (SLAC/SNAC) wrist without degenerative changes in the midcarpal joint.

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to histologically analyze allografts from cadaveric semitendinous muscle after cryopreservation at −80°C in comparison to a control group kept at only −4°C to test the hypothesis that the histological characteristics of the tissue are maintained when the tendons are kept at lower temperatures.METHODS:In a tissue bank, 10 semitendinous tendons from 10 cadavers were frozen at −80ºC as a storage method for tissue preservation. They were kept frozen for 40 days, and then a histological study was carried out. Another 10 tendon samples were analyzed while still “fresh”.RESULTS:There was no histological difference between the fresh and frozen samples in relation to seven variables.CONCLUSIONS:Semitendinous muscle tendon allografts can be submitted to cryopreservation at −80ºC without suffering histological modifications.

This article, divided into three parts, had the aims of reviewing the most common upper-limb malformations and describing their treatments. In this first part, failure of formation is discussed. The bibliography follows after the first part.

This article, presented in three sections, review the most commons upper limb malformations and theirs treatments. In this section three there's a discussion about overgrowth; undergrowth; Streeter Syndrome and other malformations. The bibliography is continuous since section one.

This article, presented in three sections, review the most common upper limb malformations and their treatments. In this section two there's a discussion about failure of formation and duplication of the parts. The bibliography is continuous since section one.