The pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) constitutes the upper portion of the Waldeyer's ring and is located at the top of the nasopharynx, next to the auditory tube and choana. It plays an important role in recurrent otitis of the middle ear and many times its enlargement is responsible for upper airway obstruction. Tonsillectomy is often the treatment of choice for tonsillar diseases. So far, it is the most frequent and one of the oldest surgical procedures performed in children and young adults. The criteria for tonsillectomy, its effect on patient's immunological integrity and the surgical risks are widely controversial. Image study using paranasal sinuses x-ray is a very simple, easy and comfortable method to evaluate the sizes of adenoids and the grade of upper airway obstruction. Cohen et al. supported that paranasal sinuses x-ray is the best way to determine pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy. On the other hand, nasopharyngolaryngoscopy can provide more accurate data on the nasopharynx, as it can dynamically reveal its structures and the obstruction status of the upper airway. This study compared the grade of adenoid hypertrophy, as well as upper airway obstruction, using the above-mentioned approaches in children ranging from 3 to 10 years old. The study came to the conclusion that nasopharyngolaryngoscopy is a much more accurate diagnostic procedure than radiological evaluation of the nasopharynx.

Most respondents know the risk factors for the detection of neonatal hearing impairment, know how to perform procedures, and recognize the importance of diagnosis of hearing loss and the need to refer suspected cases, but most do not know the techniques used to assess hearing in newborns.

Int ensive Care Units are environments with numerous noise sources. In different hospital environments it is recommended to have a sound pressure level between 35 and 45db(A). Aim: To measure the sound pressure levels in three ICU at a hospital in Jundiaí, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Study Design: Observational. Materials and Methods: we used a Minipa model MSL1532C (USA) sound meter, according to the Brazilian Technical Standards (NBR 10151), in order to measure sound levels in the ICUs at different moments, that is, the morning, afternoon and night at peak times of activity. Results: The values found during the checking of the sound pressure levels were 64.1dB (A) in the First ICU, 58.9 dB (A) in the Coronary Unit and 64dB (A) in the second ICU. Conclusion: High sound pressure levels in ICU still mean an important health-related problem for patients in these units. None of the three ICU pad levels above 85dB, showing that there is no occupational risk for the health care teams in the environments studied.

The relationship between spatial body positioning and environment comes from perfect corporal balance. The three most important systems responsible for this relationship are: the optic system (sight), the proprioceptive system, and the labyrinthine system. Study design: retrospective clinical. We carried out a retrospective study in 3,701 patients of a private otolaryngologic clinic in Jundiai -Sao Paulo, Brazil, who underwent vestibular and cochlear labyrinthine function testing, from 1979 to 2004. Aim: To determinate the syndromic distribution of the population and to correlate its relationship with sex, age, symptomatology, as well as otological, clinical and electronystagmographic findings, and which were the most frequent medical specialties who asked for this investigation. Results: We found higher prevalence in females (1.75:1). Seventy-nine percent of the patients were aged 20 to 59 years old, therefore including people in productive age, with a major prevalence of peripheral syndromes, but there was no preference for age or sex among different syndromes. This study also demonstrated that some otoneurological symptoms were common to all kinds of otoneurological syndromes, in opposition to the data found in the world literature. Tinnitus, hearing loss, nausea and vomiting as well as harmonic alterations in clinical examination were found with more frequency on peripheral syndromes, whereas non-harmonic was found in central syndromes, according to the reviewed literature. The conclusions showed that the majority of the patients started their investigation with either otolaryngologists or neurologists and 36% of the patients had peripheral syndrome and almost 25% had normal evaluation.

A tonsila faríngea ou adenóides é a extensão superior do anel linfático de Waldeyer e está localizada na porção alta da cavidade nasofaríngea, próxima à tuba auditiva e à coana. Ela desempenha um papel relevante nas otites médias recorrentes e freqüentemente sua hipertrofia é responsável pela obstrução das vias aéreas superiores. A tonsilectomia é um tratamento comumente realizado para doenças crônicas das tonsilas e ainda é o procedimento cirúrgico mais freqüente e mais antigo realizado em crianças e adultos jovens. Os critérios para a realização da tonsilectomia, o efeito da mesma na integridade imunológica do paciente e seus riscos inerentes à cirurgia são muito discutíveis e controversos em todo o mundo. Estudos de imagem utilizando-se o raio-X do cavo é um método simples, fácil e confortável para avaliar o tamanho das adenóides e o grau de obstrução das vias aéreas superiores. Um estudo nasofibroscópico da nasofaringe pode fornecer uma informação melhor sobre essa região, tendo em vista que ele mostra todas as estruturas presentes na nasofaringe e o grau de obstrução das vias aéreas superiores de forma dinâmica. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico não randomizado. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Este estudo comparou o grau de hipertrofia e de obstrução das vias aéreas superiores, usando os dois métodos acima, em crianças de 3 a 10 anos de idade, constatando que a nasofibroscopia flexível é um método diagnóstico excepcionalmente mais fidedigno do que o raio-x do cavo, na avaliação volumétrica da adenóide.