This paper argues that the direct source for the creation of Germanic runes was the Greek alphabet as used in Gaul around the middle of the last century BC, a period that saw a significant influx of Germani into that area. A number of the departures from the source are accordingly due to the influence of specifically Gaulish rather than purely Greek usage, while other features are due to the adapter’s own independent treatment. The adapter was likely a well-born Germanus who learnt the Greek alphabet from a literate Gaul resident in Gaul or Germania.

This article offers a critical overview of earlier readings and interpretations of the elder-futhark inscription from the Nydam axehandle, which are found wanting, and proposes instead a new reading and interpretation. The inscriptions from the Køge/Sjælland bracteate, Gallehus horn, Kårstad stone, and Istaby stone, as well as the patronymic use of the suffix -ijaz, are also discussed.