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The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of a denitrifying consortium to achieve the simultaneous removal of nitrate, sulfide and p-cresol and elucidate the rate-limiting steps in the mixotrophic process. Nitrite reduction appeared as the most evident rate-limiting step in the denitrifying respiratory process. The nitrite reduction rate achieved was up to 57 times lower than the nitrate reduction rate during the simultaneous removal of sulfide and p-cresol. Negligible accumulation of N(2)O occurred in the denitrifying cultures corroborating that nitrite reduction was the main rate-limiting step of the respiratory process. A synergistic effect of nitrate and sulfide is proposed to explain the accumulation of nitrite. The study also points at the oxidation of S(0) as another rate-limiting step in the denitrifying process. Different respiratory rates were achieved with the distinct electron donors provided (p-cresol and sulfide). The oxidation rate of p-cresol (q(CRES)) was generally higher (up to 2.6-fold in terms of reducing equivalents) than the sulfide oxidation rate (q(S2-)), except for the experiments performed at 100 mg S(2-) L(-1) in which q(S2-) was slightly (approximately 1.4-fold in terms of reducing equivalents) higher than q(CRES). The present study provides kinetic information, which should be considered when designing and operating denitrifying reactors to treat industrial wastewaters containing large amounts of sulfurous, nitrogenous and phenolic contaminants such as those generated from petrochemical refineries.

The capacity of two anaerobic consortia to oxidize different organic compounds, including acetate, propionate, lactate, phenol and p-cresol, in the presence of nitrate, sulfate and the humic model compound, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) as terminal electron acceptors, was evaluated. Denitrification showed the highest respiratory rates in both consortia studied and occurred exclusively during the first hours of incubation for most organic substrates degraded. Reduction of AQDS and sulfate generally started after complete denitrification, or even occurred at the same time during the biodegradation of p-cresol, in anaerobic sludge incubations; whereas methanogenesis did not significantly occur during the reduction of nitrate, sulfate, and AQDS. AQDS reduction was the preferred respiratory pathway over sulfate reduction and methanogenesis during the anaerobic oxidation of most organic substrates by the anaerobic sludge studied. In contrast, sulfate reduction out-competed AQDS reduction during incubations performed with anaerobic wetland sediment, which did not achieve any methanogenic activity. Propionate was a poor electron donor to achieve AQDS reduction; however, denitrifying and sulfate-reducing activities carried out by both consortia promoted the reduction of AQDS via acetate accumulated from propionate oxidation. Our results suggest that microbial reduction of humic substances (HS) may play an important role during the anaerobic oxidation of organic pollutants in anaerobic environments despite the presence of alternative electron acceptors, such as sulfate and nitrate. Methane inhibition, imposed by the inclusion of AQDS as terminal electron acceptor, suggests that microbial reduction of HS may also have important implications on the global climate preservation, considering the green-house effects of methane.

BACKGROUND: Many industrial discharges, such as those generated from petrochemical refineries, contain large amounts of sulfurous, nitrogenous and organic contaminants. Denitrification has emerged as a suitable technology for the simultaneous removal of these pollutants in a single reactor unit; however, more evidence is demanded to clarify the limitations of denitrification on the simultaneous removal of sulfide and phenolic contaminants and to optimize the biological process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of a denitrifying sludge to simultaneously convert sulfide and p-cresol via denitrification.