Due to the pollution caused by different organic pollutants, various photocatalytic nanomaterials for environmental remediation have been promoted. In this study, Nb 2 O 5 nano bers were obtained by electrospinning technique, presenting controlled crystallinity and high speci c surface area to improve the photoactivity response. The structural characterization indicated Nb 2 O 5 nano bres with orthorhombic phase formation, and the photoluminescence measurements showed different energy levels contributing to the electronic transition events. The nano bers with a bandgap up to 3.6 eV were applied to photocatalysis of dyes [Rhodamine B (RhB) or Methylene Blue (MB)], and Prozac®, listed as an emergent pollutant. In the optimized condition (pH = 9), the RhB and MB photocatalysis was 59% and 93% more e cient than photolysis due to ζ = − 50 ± 5 mV for EtOH_550 sample that increased the interaction with MB (cationic) compared to RhB unprotonated (pKa = 3.7). Therefore, Prozac® (pKa = 10.7) was selected due to protonated form at pH = 9 and showed 68% ±1 adsorption in 30 min for EtOH_550. The Prozac® photocatalytic degradation under UV light irradiation was up to 17% higher than the photolytic degradation. The formation of hydroxyl radicals in the photocatalytic system (EtOH_550) was proven by the Coumarine probe assay, corroborating with the greater amount of α-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]benzylalcohol (MAEB), a by-product obtained after Prozac® oxidation. Additionally, the material achieved speci c catalytic activity for the different organic compounds (RhB, MB, or Prozac®), showing that only using dyes may not be ideal to conclude the great material applicability in environmental remediation studies. Therefore, Nb 2 O 5 nano bers were e cient for the degradation of three different pollutants under UV light, proving to be a viable alternative for environmental remediation.