According to the experiential-simulations view of language, words automatically activate experiential traces that stem from the reader's interactions with their referents. Here, we focus on the corresponding influence in the opposite direction. By means of an anagram-solving task we investigated whether activating spatial experiential traces would activate the corresponding concepts, which in turn facilitates access to associated words. Participants solved anagrams of nouns associated with the ocean or the sky (e.g. dolphin = " dplhion" or cloud = " cdulo"). In six experiments we provided additional context information such as positional information (presenting the anagram at the top or the bottom of the screen), or pictorial information that either matched the ocean and sky theme or not, or both positional and pictorial information. Anagrams were solved faster when the position of the anagram was congruent with the location of the noun's referent in the real world, but only when presented on the background of an ocean-sky picture. Thus, activating experiential traces indeed seems to activate related concepts but positional information alone is not enough to find facilitation in an anagram solving task. Rather what is needed is a whole set of traces that sufficiently narrow down the number of related concepts.

Embodied cognition theories have been getting much support in recent years from studies showing that multimodal experiential traces are activated during language comprehension. However, there are almost no studies examining this influence in the opposite direction. Here, we investigated the influence of modal (physical color patch) and amodal (color word) cues on anagram solving times. We manipulated the association between the color cue and the solution word's referent color (e.g., finding the solution word "cucumber" for the anagram "cmrbucue" should be facilitated by the word "green" or a green color patch). In a third experiment, both cues were combined: a color word was presented inside a color patch before the anagram appeared. We indeed observed priming effects: anagrams were solved faster when the preceding color patch or color word matched the solution word's referent compared to a mismatching color patch or color word. When combining these cues, a priming effect only was found when both color word and color patch matched the solution word's referent. These results further strengthen the notion that multimodal experiential traces play an important role in language comprehension and expand upon the results of earlier studies on anagram solution tasks.

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