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Malnutrition during critical periods in early life may increase the subsequent risk of hypertension and metabolic diseases in adulthood, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effects of post-weaning protein malnutrition on blood pressure and vascular reactivity in aortic rings (conductance artery) and isolated-perfused tail arteries (resistance artery) from control (fed with Labina®) and post-weaning protein malnutrition rats (offspring that received a diet with low protein content for three months). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate increased in the post-weaning protein malnutrition rats. In the aortic rings, reactivity to phenylephrine (10−10–3.10−4 M) was similar in both groups. Endothelium removal or L-NAME (10−4 M) incubation increased the response to phenylephrine, but the L-NAME effect was greater in the aortic rings from the post-weaning protein malnutrition rats. The protein expression of the endothelial nitric oxide isoform increased in the aortic rings from the post-weaning protein malnutrition rats. Incubation with apocynin (0.3 mM) reduced the response to phenylephrine in both groups, but this effect was higher in the post-weaning protein malnutrition rats, suggesting an increase of superoxide anion release. In the tail artery of the post-weaning protein malnutrition rats, the vascular reactivity to phenylephrine (0.001–300 µg) and the relaxation to acetylcholine (10−10–10−3 M) were increased. Post-weaning protein malnutrition increases blood pressure and induces vascular dysfunction. Although the vascular reactivity in the aortic rings did not change, an increase in superoxide anion and nitric oxide was observed in the post-weaning protein malnutrition rats. However, in the resistance arteries, the increased vascular reactivity may be a potential mechanism underlying the increased blood pressure observed in this model.

1. Chronic ouabain administration increases blood pressure and produces a positive inotropic effect. However, the temporal changes capable of affecting both arterial and ventricular pressures and myosin ATPase activity during the induced hypertension have not been determined. 2. The aim of the present study was to investigate the time-course of the induction of hypertension to define when changes occur in Wistar rats treated with 25 mg/kg per day, s.c., ouabain for 3, 7, 15 or 30 days. 3. In anaesthetized rats, diastolic blood pressure increased after 7 days treatment with ouabain and after 15 and 30 days treatment, increases were observed in systolic blood pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure and myosin ATPase activity. After 15 days treatment, heart rate (HR) also increased, but after 30 days treatment HR returned to control levels. However, only after 30 days treatment did the left ventricular positive and negative first derivatives of intraventricular pressure (dP/dt(max) and dP/dt(min), respectively) increase. Increased arterial and left ventricular systolic pressures and myosin ATPase activity observed after 15 days treatment maintained similar levels as those after 30 days treatment. 4. The results suggest that changes in arterial and left ventricular pressures, HR and myosin ATPase activity induced by chronic ouabain treatment are time dependent, increasing after 15 days treatment. After 30 days treatment, the increase in systolic and diastolic arterial and ventricular pressures remained stable, as did inotropism. Normalization of HR after 30 days treatment suggests that during the period from Day 16 to Day 30 ouabain-induced hypertension is dependent, at least in part, on increased sympathetic activity.

Background: Our aim was to evaluate the effects of soybean oil treatment for 15 days on arterial and ventricular pressure, myocardial mechanics and proteins involved in calcium handling. Methods:Wistar rats were divided in two groups receiving 100 μL of soybean oil (SB) or saline (CT) i.m. for 15 days. Ventricular performance was analyzed in male 12-weeks old Wistar rats by measuring left ventricle diastolic and systolic pressure in isolated perfused hearts according to the Langendorff technique. Protein expression was measured by Western blot analysis.Results: Systolic and diastolic arterial pressures did not differ between CT and SB rats. However, heart rate was reduced in the SB group. In the perfused hearts, left ventricular isovolumetric systolic pressure was higher in the SB hearts. The inotropic response to extracellular Ca 2+ and isoproterenol was higher in the soybean-treated animals than in the control group. Myosin ATPase and Na + -K + ATPase activities, the expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump (SERCA2a) and sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) were increased in the SB group. Although the phosfolamban (PLB) expression did not change, its phosphorylation at Ser 16 was reduced while the SERCA2a/PLB ratio was increased. Conclusions:In summary, soybean treatment for 15 days in rats increases the left ventricular performance without affecting arterial blood pressure. These changes might be associated with an increase in the myosin ATPase activity and SERCA2a expression.

Self-medication still is a common practice in Brazil. Due to the risks that this practice can cause in pregnant women, a study was carried out to identify the consumption of drugs and medicinal plants by pregnant women assisted in the Women's Health Unit, in the city of Alegre, ES. The study was conducted through interviews. A total of 115 pregnant women aged between 14 and 43 years were interviewed. Of these, 99.1% were literate and 48.69% of pregnant women did not perform paid activity. Most of the women were in the third trimester of pregnancy. Of the interviewed women, 80% said they had used at least one medication during pregnancy, only 64% of women said they knew the purpose of the prescribed medicine, and 21% were by self-medication. It was found that 9.5% had some type of chronic disease. The most commonly used drugs were antianemics and non-opioid analgesics. According to FDA risk classification, 13.2% of pregnant women used medications that may cause adverse effects. With regard to medicinal herbs consumption, 17% used at least one type during the gestational period, and the most used was lemon-grass. It was possible to note that self-medication is part of the routine of pregnant women in the city of Alegre, evidencing the need for pharmaceutical guidance. Keywords