The trithiocarbonate anion (CS 3 2− ) was generated in situ from CS 2 and KOH in dimethyl sulfoxide by a simple method and used as a novel synthetic equivalent of the S 2− synthon for the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted thiophenes from 1,3butadiynes. Additionally, this system was employed for the metal-free synthesis of 2-substituted benzo[b]thiophenes from 2haloalkynyl (hetero)arenes. These compounds were obtained from a cheap and readily available sulfur source in moderate to good yields, with good functional group tolerance.

In this work, we report the use of rongalite in PEG-400 as a general, reusable, efficient, inexpensive and environmentally benign reductive system for elemental chalcogens and its use for the...

Aims: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of five structurally different imidazolium salts on the in vitro growth of plant pathogenic bacteria that belong to divergent taxonomic genera as well as their ability to reduce the severity of common bacterial blight of common bean caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and bacterial speck of tomato caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Methods and Results: Growth inhibition of Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Pectobacterium and Dickeya strains by imidazolium salts was assessed in vitro by radial diffusion on agar medium and by ressazurin reduction in liquid medium. The reduction of common bacterial blight and bacterial speck symptoms and the area under de disease progress curves were determined by spraying two selected imidazolium salts on healthy plants 48 h prior to inoculation with virulent strains of the bacterial pathogens. All imidazolium salts inhibited the growth of all plant pathogenic bacteria when tested by radial diffusion on agar medium. The strength of inhibition differed among imidazolium salts when tested on the same bacterial strain and among bacterial strains when tested with the same imidazolium salt. In liquid medium, most imidazolium salts presented the same minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration values (200 µmol l À1 ), the most notable exception of which was the MIC (at least 1000 µmol l À1 ) for the dicationic MImC 10 MImBr 2 . The imidazolium salts C 16 MImBr and C 16 MImCl caused significant reductions in the severity of common bacterial blight symptoms when compared with nontreated plants. Conclusion: Imidazolium salts inhibit the in vitro growth of plant pathogenic bacteria and reduce plant disease symptoms to levels comparable to an authorized commercial antibiotic product. Significance and Impact of the Study: New compounds exhibiting broadspectrum antibacterial activity with potential use in agriculture were identified.

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