a los bancos centrales de todo el mundo a realizar incursiones en terreno inexplorado; el shock del COVID-19 obliga a adentrarse más en lo desconocido y hacerlo rápido, porque los costes de no hacerlo provocarán daños amplios y persistentes. En este contexto, discutimos el papel de la política fiscal y cómo ideas emergentes aparecidas en momentos históricos similares deben reconsiderarse.
There are two fundamental approaches to the nature and origin of money that are incompatible with each other: money-commodity and money-debt. The first one has occupied a hegemonic position in the academy —and so outside it— throughout history. On the other hand, the money-debt approach was developed in response to the conventional view, although it currently occupies a marginal place in the academic sphere and is barely known beyond it. Despite its low popularity, the unorthodox outlook of money-debt is much more useful in order to understand the origin and nature of money; and represents a much more accurate analytical framework to monetary phenomena. In this paper a detailed review of the origin of money from this less-known approach is made in order to demonstrate its analytical superiority against the hegemonic approach that suffers from significant theoretical inconsistencies and a lack of empirical support.
La propuesta de Renta Básica Universal cada vez es más conocida tanto en el terreno académico como fuera de él y eso le ha llevado a recibir cada vez más atención y también más críticas. Es difícilmente cuestionable que la Renta Básica Universal presenta ventajas muy importantes frente a otro tipo de prestaciones públicas de protección social: su cobertura alcanza a toda la población y la seguridad económica y libertad que brinda a sus beneficiarios permite que nadie se vea obligado a aceptar míseros y precarios trabajos para poder cubrir sus necesidades básicas. Además, todo ello se puede lograr con un coste económico asumible y a través de una aplicación relativamente sencilla y rápida (especialmente en comparación con muchas prestaciones sociales condicionadas). No obstante, la puesta en marcha de una Renta Básica Universal no está exenta de cuestionamientos ni de riesgos importantes a sopesar. Con este trabajo se pretende identificar y analizar algunos de ellos, con el objetivo último de superarlos para perfeccionar una medida que ya de por sí tiene un enorme potencial económico y social.
The German commercial success is often associated to the strategy of internal devaluation that entailed a moderate wage growth. However, the main argument in this paper is that necessarily has to be other important and different factors that explain the outstanding trade performance, especially the evolution of productivity derived from different exporting specializations between commercial partners. Therefore, the German export performance is studied related to the evolution of the unit labour costs focusing both unit wages and productivity dynamics by manufacturing branches and particularly against the four largest economies in the euro zone: Spain, Italy, France and the Netherlands.
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