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Removal of the buccal fat pad (BFP) is an important topic of discussion in the literature. Several studies have reported improvements in facial esthetics as a result of this technique. The BFP is close to vital structures, such as the facial nerve, parotid duct, and vessels. Injuries related to these structures may occur during the surgical procedure. This manuscript aimed to report and discuss 2 clinical cases of the complications after removal of the BFP. Besides the case presentation, a comprehensive review of the literature was also provided. The reported cases were 2 patients aged 31 and 38 years who were attended by the oral and maxillofacial surgery teams after a complication in the BFP surgery. The first case involved swelling due to Stensen's duct injury, and the second involved uncontrolled bleeding from the internal maxillary artery. Removal of the BFP must have precise indications. Complications may occur during or after surgery; hence, anatomical knowledge is fundamental to appropriate patient management.

Objectives: This study evaluated the bone quality of the maxilla and mandible by using the classification proposed by Lekholm and Zarb (L & Z) and histomorphometry. Methods: Sixty edentulous areas were evaluated. The classification by L & Z was obtained through the evaluation of periapical and panoramic radiographs associated with the surgeon's tactile perception during milling and implant installation. Before implant installation, bone biopsies of standardized sizes were performed for histological evaluation. Results: Type III bone quality was more frequent in the posterior (73.33%) and anterior (73.33%) maxilla, whereas type II bone quality was more frequent in the posterior (53.33%) and anterior (60.00%) mandible. Through histometry, statistical difference was observed for the amount of bone tissue of the posterior region of the maxilla in relation to the anterior and posterior regions of the mandible (P 0.043). However, there was no difference in osteocyte counts between alveolar regions (P ¼ 0.2946). In the female gender, the age showed a low positive correlation with the L & Z classification (rho ¼ 0.398; P ¼ 0.006) and in the male gender, a moderate negative correlation was observed (rho ¼ -0.650, P ¼ 0.016). Conclusions: Both methods detected differences in the bone quality of the alveolar regions of the maxilla/mandible and that the classification by L & Z is a reliable method, since it was consistent with histomorphometry, considered the ''gold standard'' method for the evaluation of bone quality and greater bone density was observed in older men.

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meningocele is preferred. It is characterized by an accumulation of CSF within the abnormally enlarged nerve sheath in the perioptic area. There is no clear information about its etiopathogenesis. It is most commonly associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. It usually manifests itself with blurred vision and headache but can also be detected incidentally. [8][9][10] The most important and reliable method used in diagnosis is MR imaging. Around the optic nerve, it is observed as an area filled with CSF within the aneurysmatic dilatation surrounded by the nerve sheath. The absence of any pathological enhancement and the absence of massive thickness increase in the optic nerve are especially important in differential diagnosis with pathologies such as meningioma and glioma. No additional pathology is seen in idiopathic inflammatory neuroretinitis, but the patient's clinical and examination findings provide a differential diagnosis. Treatment is medical and patients are followed up. However, surgical treatment for decompression of the optic nerve can be applied in patients with progress. 2,5,10 In conclusion, imaging findings have an important place in diagnosis of dural ectasia of the optic nerve sheath without typical symptoms and examination findings. For the definitive and differential diagnosis of the patient, the clinic should be evaluated together with MRI and the patient's treatment should be guided accordingly.