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During tumor growth-when nutrient and anabolic demands are high-autophagy supports tumor metabolism and growth through lysosomal organelle turnover and nutrient recycling. Ras-driven tumors additionally invoke non-autonomous autophagy in the microenvironment to support tumor growth, in part through transfer of amino acids. Here we uncover a third critical role of autophagy in mediating systemic organ wasting and nutrient mobilization for tumor growth using a well-characterized malignant tumor model in Drosophila melanogaster. Micro-computed Xray tomography and metabolic profiling reveal that Ras V12 ; scrib À/À tumors grow 10-fold in volume, while systemic organ wasting unfolds with progressive muscle atrophy, loss of body mass, -motility, -feeding, and eventually death. Tissue wasting is found to be mediated by autophagy and results in host mobilization of amino acids and sugars into circulation. Natural abundance Carbon 13 tracing demonstrates that tumor biomass is increasingly derived from host tissues as a nutrient source as wasting progresses. We conclude that host autophagy mediates organ wasting and nutrient mobilization that is utilized for tumor growth.

Abstract-Wandering is a common behavior among people with dementia (PwD). It is also one of the main concerns of caregivers since it can cause the person to get lost and injured. The frequency and manner in which a person wanders is highly influenced by the person's background and contextual factors specific to the situation. In this paper we investigate some of the properties of wandering behaviours, particularly related to our ability to sense them with mobile devices. We then propose a novel decision-theoretic model that estimates the risk faced by the PwD and decides on the appropriate action to take, such as prompting the PwD or calling the caregiver. The model can be tailored to the user needs (e.g. known locations, level of cognitive decline) and takes into account uncertainty, and contextual information gathered from sensors, such as current location, noise, and proximity to the caregiver. A preliminary version of the system has been instantiated in a wandering assistance application for mobile devices running on an Android platform.