A análise do processo de inovação em serviços é recente na literatura, onde este foi tradicionalmente considerado um processo decorrente das inovações engendradas na indústria. Destacam-se, nesta perspectiva, três abordagens: a tecnicista, baseada nos serviços, e a integradora. Esta última, em especial, destaca-se pela tentativa de estabelecer uma teoria única da inovação, que contemple tanto a indústria quanto os serviços, constituindo as conceituações necessárias para diferenciar suas especificidades. Neste sentido, este artigo procura investigar as bases teóricas para a aplicação da abordagem dos sistemas de inovação sobre o processo de inovação em serviços e, em especial, a consideração de uma dimensão espacial, local ou regional, a ser considerada em futuras investigações empíricas. Nossas considerações apontam na direção da pertinência deste enfoque, uma vez que o processo de aprendizagem, determinante do processo de inovação sob o novo paradigma, possui caráter delimitado geográfica, cultural e setorialmente, que está na fonte das vantagens competitivas das organizações.Palavras-chave: inovação em serviços; sistemas de inovação; aprendizagem. ABSTRACTThe analysis of innovation in services is recent in literature once this kind of innovation has for long been considered as a byproduct from innovation in manufacturing. Three approaches deserve more attention under this perspective: the technicist, the service-based and the integrated. The latter attempts to establish a single theory of innovation for manufacturing and services, including the necessary conceptualizing to distinguish their specificity. In this sense, this paper aims at investigating theoretical foundations for the application of the innovation systems approach to services, including a spatial, local or regional dimension in future empirical studies. The paper argues for the relevance of this approach once the learning process, decisive for the innovation process in the realm of the new paradigm, is related to geographical, cultural and sectoral boundaries that provide a source for competitive advantage for the organizations.
Eduardo raupp de Vargas Universidade de BrasíliaO artigo tem por objetivo situar a discussão atual sobre inovação no setor público em revistas internacionais, em confronto com a teoria da inovação em serviços, visando identificar oportunidades de pesquisa. Os artigos revisados foram recuperados da base science direct referente ao período de 2006 a 2010. O exame dos artigos foi realizado com base em seis categorias de análise que serviram para revelar as abordagens adotadas pelos autores. Conclui-se que os autores dos estudos da amostra têm interação restrita com a literatura de inovação em serviços. Os artigos revelam visão da inovação como mudança imposta de cima para baixo e não como processo interativo e intrínseco à atividade pública. São identificadas oportunidades de pesquisa mais detalhadas no nível organizacional e no nível micro, que reconheçam as especificidades do setor público.Pa l av r a s -c h av e : teoria da inovação em serviços; setor público; abordagem integradora. International studies on innovation in the public sector: how the theory of innovation in services can contribute?The article puts in perspective the current discussion about public sector innovation in international journals, in comparison with the theory of innovation in services, aiming to identify research opportunities. Articles reviewed were retrieved from the science direct basis for the period 2006 to 2010. The articles review was based on six categories of analysis that served to reveal the authors approaches. We conclude that the authors of the sampled studies have limited interaction with the literature of innovation in services. Innovation is approached as a change imposed from the top down in contrast with an approach of innovation as an interactive process intrinsic to public administration. It identifies opportunities for more detailed research at the organizational level and at the micro level which recognize the specificities of the public sector.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in long-term neurological and systemic consequences, including antibody-mediated autoimmunity, which has been related to impaired functional recovery. Here we show that autoantibodies that increase at the subacute phase of human SCI, 1 month after lesion, are already present in healthy subjects and directed against non-native proteins rarely present in the normal spinal cord. The increase of these autoantibodies is a fast phenomenon–their levels are already elevated before 5 days after lesion–characteristic of secondary immune responses, further supporting their origin as natural antibodies. By proteomics studies we have identified that the increased autoantibodies are directed against 16 different nervous system and systemic self-antigens related to changes known to occur after SCI, including alterations in neural cell cytoskeleton, metabolism and bone remodeling. Overall, in the context of previous studies, our results offer an explanation to why autoimmunity develops after SCI and identify novel targets involved in SCI pathology that warrant further investigation.
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