Biannual cycles of reproduction and molt are rare in birds, with most species exhibiting a single annual cycle. We studied the breeding and molting phenology of the Cinnamon‐bellied Flowerpiercer (Diglossa baritula), a nectar feeding passerine, in western Mexico. Monthly captures from December 1994 to May 1998 revealed clear biannual breeding and molting cycles. The two breeding seasons took place from January to April (dry season) and from July to October (rainy season). Their July to October breeding season coincided with the single breeding season exhibited by resident hummingbirds at our study site. Even though flowerpiercers and hummingbirds use the same food resources, hummingbirds only molt and breed once a year. Male flowerpiercers breed and molt flight feathers twice a year, whereas females appear to breed only once. A higher proportion of females bred in the rainy season (90%) than in the dry season (30%), and they underwent a complete molt only during the rainy season. Proportions of males in breeding condition during the dry and the rainy season were similar (86 and 92%). Some males (40%) showed an incomplete molt in the dry season, while most males (80%) underwent a complete molt in the rainy season. Differences in proportions of breeding and molting individuals between the dry and the rainy season suggest that the dry season cycle is limited by food availability. We hypothesize that D. baritula individuals use soft fruits in addition to flowers to fuel their breeding during the dry season.
RESUMEN
Los ciclos bianuales de reproducción y muda son raros en las aves. La mayoría de las especies presentan un ciclo anual único. En este trabajo estudiamos la fenología reproductiva y de muda de Diglossa baritula, un paseriforme nectarívoro, en el occidente de México. Los muestreos mensuales con redes de niebla (Diciembre 1994–Mayo 1998) mostraron que esta especie presenta ciclos bianuales de reproducción y muda. Las dos temporadas reproductivas ocurrieron en Enero‐Abril (secas) y Julio‐Octubre (lluvias). La temporada reproductiva de lluvias se traslapó con la temporada de reproducción única de los colibríes residentes en nuestra área de estudio. Aunque los colibríes y D. baritula utilizan los mismos recursos alimenticios, los colibríes se reproducen y mudan sólo una vez por año. Los machos de D. baritula se reprodujeron y mudaron plumas de vuelo dos veces por año, mientras que las hembras parecen hacerlo sólo una vez. Se reprodujeron más hembras en la temporada de lluvias (90%) que en la de secas (30%). Los porcentajes de machos en condición reproductiva fueron similares para las dos temporadas (secas 86% y lluvias 92%). Algunos machos (40%) mostraron una muda incompleta en la temporada de secas, mientras que la mayoría presentó una muda completa en la temporada de lluvias (80%). Las diferencias en las proporciones de individuos reproductivos/ mudando entre la temporada seca y la temporada de lluvias sugieren que durante la temporada de secas la disponi‐bilidad de recursos alimenticios es limitante....
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