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This study provides a detailed analysis of an optimal drivetrain configuration, based on multi-cycles, for a plug-in electric vehicle (EV). The investigation aims to identify the best EV configuration according to the required power and the transmissible traction torque. The study focuses on an EV with four different combinations of drive systems among in-wheel motors and differential ones. To find out the best EV drive system configuration, it is adopted an optimisation process by means of a genetic algorithm that defines the electric motors (EMs) torque curves and powertrain transmission ratio in order to improve vehicle travel range and performance. The vehicle power demand is divided between the drive systems following rules established by the power management control which aims to reduce the lithium-ion battery discharges during the driving cycles: FTP-75 (urban driving), HWFET (highway driving) and US06 (high speeds and accelerations). After the simulations, the potential of each configuration is indicated according to its respective drive system and hence the best configurations are determined.

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Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição temporal e espacial de nutrientes em torno do recife artificial marinho (MAR) 8B Victory, um navio afundado propositadamente em Guarapari (20 ° 40 ' S e 40 ° 30' W), no estado do Espírito Santo, em uma das mais ricas áreas de biodiversidade marinha na costa brasileira. Oito cruzeiros trimestrais de um dia foram realizados por mais de dois anos (de março de 2005 a abril de 2007) . As amostras foram coletadas em 12 estações diferentes ao redor do navio para a análise dos nutrientes inorgânicos dissolvidos (nitrito, nitrato, silício reativo e ortofosfato), clorofila a, phaeopigmentos, salinidade e temperatura. Correlações de ortofosfato e clorofila podem indicar que ele é limitante. As suas concentrações eram sempre baixas, o que pode ser devido à sedimentação de carbonato, pois a região é rica em sedimentos deste sal. Nutrientes nitrogenados foram enriquecidos, indicando que o MAR muda a dinâmica da água. Alternativamente, as ilhas próximas do navio também podem estar trabalhando como recifes, aumentando a concentração. Embora não tenha havido variação espacial significativa, mudanças sazonais controladas principalmente por direções atuais, rotas frias de entrada frontal e as chuvas foram encontradas, com uma influência menor da atividade biológica. Palavras-chave:Clorofila-a (Chl a); Guarapari; Nutrientes; Correntes; Afloramento. AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal and spatial nutrient distribution around the marine artificial reef (MAR) Victory 8B, a ship purposely sunk at Guarapari (20°40' S and 40°30' W), Espírito Santo State, in one of the richest marine biodiversity areas on the Brazilian coast. Eight trimestral one-day cruises were carried out from March 2005 to April 2007. Samples were collected at 12 different stations around the ship for the analysis of dissolved inorganic nutrients (nitrite, nitrate, reactive silicon and orthophosphate), chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, salinity and temperature. Orthophosphate correlations to chlorophyll a may indicate that it is limiting. Its concentrations were always low, which may be due to carbonate sedimentation, as the area is rich in calcium carbonate sediment. Nitrogenous nutrients were enriched, indicating that the MAR changes the water dynamics. Alternatively, islands nearby the ship may also be working as reefs to increase the concentration. Although there was no statistically significant spatial variation, seasonal changes controlled mainly by current directions, cold front entrance routes and rainfall were found, with a minor influence of biological activity.